ap pscyh people

charles darwin

theory of evolution, survivil of the fittest argin of the species

watson

founder of behaviorism, generalization, applied classical conditioning skills to advertising, famous for little albert experiment, whre he first trained albert to be afraid of rats & then generalize his fear to all small, white animals

alfred adler

neo-freidian, beleived that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation, beleived that people are primarily seaching or self-esteem & acheiving the ideal self

carl jung

discipline of freud who extended his theories, beleived in a collective unconscious as well as personal unconsious that is aware of anciet archetypes which we inherit from our ancestors & we see in myths (young warrier, wise man of village, loving mother, coined the terms introversion & extroversion

albert ellis

father of rational emotive theory, focuses on alterning clinets patters of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior & emotion

albert maslow

father of rational psychologist who said we have a series of needs which must be met, you ca’t acheive the top level, self authorization, unless previous levels have been acheived, from bottom to top the levels are psysiological needs, safety, belonging, self esteem, self authorization, lower needs dominate & indivudal motivation as long as unsatisfied

carl rodgers

humanistic psychologist who beleived in uncoditional postive regard, people will naturally strive for self authorization & high self esteem, reflected back clinets thoughts so that they developed a self awarness or their feelings - clinet centered therapy

B.F. skinner

operant conditioning - techniques to manipuate the consequences of an organizams behavior in order to observe effects of subsequent behavior: skinner box beleived psychology was not scientific enough, wanted it to be beleived everyone is born tableau rosa (blank state) NOT cnocerned with unconcious or cause ONLY behavior

ivan pavlov

father of classical conditioning - unconditional stimulus naturally elicits reflexive behavior = unconditioned response but with repeated pairings with neutral stimulus, neutral stimulus will elicit repsonse

chomsky

beleived there are infinate number of sentences in language that human have an inborn native ability to develop language, words & concepts are learned but brain is hardwired for grammer & language

jean piaget

4 state thoery of cognitive development - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, 2 basic processes (assimilation & accommodation) work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth

erik erikson

people evolve through 8 states over life span, each stat is marked by psychological crisis that involved confronting “who am I”

lawrence kohlberg

theory states that there are 3 levels of moral reasoning (pre-conventional), conventional, post conventional) & each level can be divided into 2 stages

carol gilligan

maintained the kohlbergs work who developed only observing boys & overlooked potential differences between habitual moral judgement of men & women

benjamin whorf

his hypothesis is that langauge determines way we think

robert sternberg

triarchic theory of intelligence, academic problem solving intelligence, practical intelligence, creative intelligence

howard gradner

theory of multiple intelligence

albert bandura

observational learning - allowd you to profit immeditaely from msitakes & success of others, experiment had adult modeels puunching BoBo dolls & then observed children whom watched begin to exhibit many of same behaviors, social learning theory

thorndike

law of effect principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences becmes more likely & vice versa

alfred binet

general I.Q. tests

lawis terman

revised binets I.Q. test & established norma for american children

david weschler

established an intelligence test especially for adults (weschler intelligence test for adults)

charles spearman

found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all congnitive abilities showed a common core which labeled “g” for general ability

h. rorschach

developed one of first projective tests, inklot test, subject reads the inkbots & projects to the observer aspects of their responality

rosenhan

conducted hospital experiement to test diagnosis that hosptials make on patients, wanted to see the impact of behavior on being a patient, proved that once you are disagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in mental hospital setting

zimbardo

conducted famous stanford prision experiment, studied power of social roles to influence peoples behavior, proved peoples behavior depend to large extent on roles they are asked to play, experiment had to be stopped because got out of control

s. asch

study of conformity, experiment had subject unaware of his situation to test if he would conform if all members of group gave an obviously incorrect answer

stanley milgram

conducted study on obedience when he has subject shock patient to extent that they would be seriously injuring patient

harlow

studied theory of attachment in infant rhesus monkeys, experiemented effects of social isolation in young monkeys & observed that they become serverly emotionally distrubed & never recover fully

sigmund freud

psychoanalytical theory that focuses on unconscious: id, ego, superago, beleived innate drives for sex & aggression are primary motives for our behavior & personalities

karen horney

criticized freud, said that personality is continually molded by current fears & impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences, saw human as craving love & social interaction to drive their needs

seligman

learned helplessness is giving up reaction that occurs from experience that whatever you do you can’t change your situation

ebbinghas

first to conduct scientific studies on memory & forgetting, learning curves

weber

pioneered first study on JND (just noticeable difference) which become webers law, JND between stimuli is constant fraction of intensity of standard stimulus

zajonc

mere exposure effect, it is possible to have preferences without inferences & to feel without knowing why