Diet during Childhood and adolescent

Nutrition in Children

affects their physical, emotional, and

intellectual development.

Poor eating habits can exacerbate emotional and physical problems.

Childhood Obesity

is overweight if he or she is above the 95th percentile for body mass index (BMI) by sex and age.

85% of obese children over the age of 10 will become obese adults.

Leads to many health and social

problems:

• Increased severity of asthma

• Increased blood pressure and heart rate

• Type 2 diabetes

• Sleep apnea

• Hyperlipidemia

• Hip and knee problems

• Social stigma

Treatment

Exercise and portion snacking control

Calorie needs

will depend on rate of growth, activity level,body size, metabolism and health

What Parents Can Do

• Provide only healthy and nourishing foods.

• Limit screen time.

• Never tell them they are too fat.

• Learn correct portion

• It is more important how often and how much is eaten rather than what.

• Never provide food as comfort or reward.

• Eat only at the table and designated times.

• Give water rather than juice, soda, or sweetened drinks.

• Eat slowly.

• Determine reasons for eating.

Adolescence

• Period of rapid growth and physical changes causing increased calorie needs.

• Adolescents typically have enormous appetites.

• Often substitute popular low nutrient density foods.

• Food choices are effected by peer pressure and busy schedules.

• Except for Vitamin D, all nutrient needs increase.

• Menstruation in girls create a higher need for iron.

• The DRIs for many nutrients are higher for boys than for girls

Anorexia Nervosa

• Psychological disorder causes to drastically reduce

• calories consumed, causing altered metabolism.

• Distorted body image and a fear of being fat.

• Clients often exercises excessively.

• May result in hair loss, low blood pressure, weakness, amenorrhea, brain damage, and

  even death

Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa

• Individual and family counseling

• Self-acceptance

• Nutrition therapy

• Close supervision

• Time and patience

Bulimia

• Syndrome

• the client alternately binges and purges by inducing vomiting and using laxatives and

  diuretics to get rid of ingested food.

• Fear of being overweight.

• Often binge on high-caloriefoods

• Usually not life-threatening

• Can irritate the esophagus and cause electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, dehydration, and dental caries

Treatment for Bulimia

• Limit eating to mealtime

• Portion control

• Close supervision after eating

• Psychological counseling

• Overweight

• Contributing factors: heredity,

• overfeeding as an infant or child, and psychological factors

Fast Foods

• excessively high in fat, sodium, and calories, and limited in minerals, vitamins, and fibers.

• often used as snacks by teens, adding extra

  calories.

• Should be used with discretion in a balanced

  diet

Alcohol and the Adolescent

• contains 7 calories per gram but few nutrients.

• a depressant with serious side effects.

• Affects absorption and normal metabolism of

• glucose, fats, proteins, and vitamins.

• causes excess water and mineral loss.

• Excessive, long-term drinking can lead to liver

• cirrhosis, high blood

• pressure, and damage to heart muscle.

• Drinking teens are prone to accidents and random acts of violence

Marijuana

• Use continues to

• increase among teens.

• Increases appetite, especially for sweets

• cigarettes are more harmful to the

  lungs than tobacco cigarettes.

• May lead to the use of other drugs

Cocaine

• Highly addictive and extremely harmful

• Weight loss is very common due to decreased appetite.

• Half of crimes against property in the United

• States are related to the use of crack cocaine.

Tobacco

• addictive

• Can influence appetite, nutritional status, and weight

• Smokers need more vitamin C because smoking alters its metabolism.

• Increases risk for lung cancer and heart disease.

Addictive Drugs

• Inhalants are physically and psychologically addictive.

• Risks include depression, apathy,nosebleeds, headaches, eye pain, chronic fatigue, heart failure, loss of muscle control, and death.

Nutrition for the Athlete

• needs additional water, calories,thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, sodium,potassium, iron, and protein.

• increase in calories depends on the activity and its length.

• Plain water is the recommended liquid for rehydration.

• Electrolyte drinks are useful after an athletic event, but not during one.

Glycogen Loading

• Carboloading: sometimes used for long

  activities

• Begins 6 days before an event and involves a regimen of diet and exercise to maximize the amount of glycogen in the muscles

• May result in an abnormal heart rate and some weight gain

• Athletes should maintain good eating

  and health habits.

Considerations for the Health Care Professional

• Young children may have poor appetites

  and parents may have related anxiety.

• The health care professional can be most

  helpful by exhibiting patience and understanding and by listening to the

  client and the parents.

• Working with adolescent clients with

  disordered eating can be challenging.

• Health care professionals working with

  these clients should consult with the

  client’s psychological counselor.

• Parents of clients with disordered eating

  must be included in counseling

Conclusion

• Nutritional needs vary as children grow

  and develop.

• Nutrient needs gradually increase.

• Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity

  are problems of weight control that can

  occur during adolescence.

• Alcohol and drug abuse can be serious

  problems in adolescence