Diet during Childhood and adolescent

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Nutrition in Children

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Nutrition

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1

Nutrition in Children

affects their physical, emotional, and

intellectual development.

Poor eating habits can exacerbate emotional and physical problems.

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2

Childhood Obesity

is overweight if he or she is above the 95th percentile for body mass index (BMI) by sex and age.

85% of obese children over the age of 10 will become obese adults.

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3

Leads to many health and social

problems:

  • Increased severity of asthma

  • Increased blood pressure and heart rate

  • Type 2 diabetes

  • Sleep apnea

  • Hyperlipidemia

  • Hip and knee problems

  • Social stigma

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4

Treatment

Exercise and portion snacking control

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5

Calorie needs

will depend on rate of growth, activity level,body size, metabolism and health

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6

What Parents Can Do

  • Provide only healthy and nourishing foods.

  • Limit screen time.

  • Never tell them they are too fat.

  • Learn correct portion

  • It is more important how often and how much is eaten rather than what.

  • Never provide food as comfort or reward.

  • Eat only at the table and designated times.

  • Give water rather than juice, soda, or sweetened drinks.

  • Eat slowly.

  • Determine reasons for eating.

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7

Adolescence

  • Period of rapid growth and physical changes causing increased calorie needs.

  • Adolescents typically have enormous appetites.

  • Often substitute popular low nutrient density foods.

  • Food choices are effected by peer pressure and busy schedules.

  • Except for Vitamin D, all nutrient needs increase.

  • Menstruation in girls create a higher need for iron.

  • The DRIs for many nutrients are higher for boys than for girls

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8

Anorexia Nervosa

  • Psychological disorder causes to drastically reduce

  • calories consumed, causing altered metabolism.

  • Distorted body image and a fear of being fat.

  • Clients often exercises excessively.

  • May result in hair loss, low blood pressure, weakness, amenorrhea, brain damage, and

    even death

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9

Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa

  • Individual and family counseling

  • Self-acceptance

  • Nutrition therapy

  • Close supervision

  • Time and patience

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10

Bulimia

  • Syndrome

  • the client alternately binges and purges by inducing vomiting and using laxatives and

    diuretics to get rid of ingested food.

  • Fear of being overweight.

  • Often binge on high-caloriefoods

  • Usually not life-threatening

  • Can irritate the esophagus and cause electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, dehydration, and dental caries

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11

Treatment for Bulimia

  • Limit eating to mealtime

  • Portion control

  • Close supervision after eating

  • Psychological counseling

  • Overweight

  • Contributing factors: heredity,

  • overfeeding as an infant or child, and psychological factors

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12

Fast Foods

  • excessively high in fat, sodium, and calories, and limited in minerals, vitamins, and fibers.

  • often used as snacks by teens, adding extra

    calories.

  • Should be used with discretion in a balanced

    diet

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13

Alcohol and the Adolescent

  • contains 7 calories per gram but few nutrients.

  • a depressant with serious side effects.

  • Affects absorption and normal metabolism of

  • glucose, fats, proteins, and vitamins.

  • causes excess water and mineral loss.

  • Excessive, long-term drinking can lead to liver

  • cirrhosis, high blood

  • pressure, and damage to heart muscle.

  • Drinking teens are prone to accidents and random acts of violence

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14

Marijuana

  • Use continues to

  • increase among teens.

  • Increases appetite, especially for sweets

  • cigarettes are more harmful to the

    lungs than tobacco cigarettes.

  • May lead to the use of other drugs

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15

Cocaine

  • Highly addictive and extremely harmful

  • Weight loss is very common due to decreased appetite.

  • Half of crimes against property in the United

  • States are related to the use of crack cocaine.

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16

Tobacco

  • addictive

  • Can influence appetite, nutritional status, and weight

  • Smokers need more vitamin C because smoking alters its metabolism.

  • Increases risk for lung cancer and heart disease.

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17

Addictive Drugs

  • Inhalants are physically and psychologically addictive.

  • Risks include depression, apathy,nosebleeds, headaches, eye pain, chronic fatigue, heart failure, loss of muscle control, and death.

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18

Nutrition for the Athlete

  • needs additional water, calories,thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, sodium,potassium, iron, and protein.

  • increase in calories depends on the activity and its length.

  • Plain water is the recommended liquid for rehydration.

  • Electrolyte drinks are useful after an athletic event, but not during one.

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19

Glycogen Loading

  • Carboloading: sometimes used for long

    activities

  • Begins 6 days before an event and involves a regimen of diet and exercise to maximize the amount of glycogen in the muscles

  • May result in an abnormal heart rate and some weight gain

  • Athletes should maintain good eating

    and health habits.

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20

Considerations for the Health Care Professional

  • Young children may have poor appetites

    and parents may have related anxiety.

  • The health care professional can be most

    helpful by exhibiting patience and understanding and by listening to the

    client and the parents.

  • Working with adolescent clients with

    disordered eating can be challenging.

  • Health care professionals working with

    these clients should consult with the

    client’s psychological counselor.

  • Parents of clients with disordered eating

    must be included in counseling

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21

Conclusion

  • Nutritional needs vary as children grow

    and develop.

  • Nutrient needs gradually increase.

  • Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity

    are problems of weight control that can

    occur during adolescence.

  • Alcohol and drug abuse can be serious

    problems in adolescence

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