Ch 6: The Respiratory System (3%)

Lungs

Anatomy

where gas exchange occurs

Pharynx

Anatomy

Resides behind the nasal cavity and at the back of the mouth; it is a common pathway for both air destined for the lungs and food destined for the esophagus.

Larynx

Anatomy

Also known as the glottis, it lies below the pharynx and is only a pathway for air. It also contains two vocal cords.

Epiglottis

Anatomy

The opening of the larynx is covered by this to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing.

Trachea

Anatomy

Air passes into this cartilaginous membrane after the larynx.

Bronchi

Anatomy

Air passes into these after the trachea.

bronchioles, alveoli

Anatomy

In the lungs, the bronchi divides into smaller structures which divide into even smaller structures (2 total)

Alveoli

Anatomy

Balloon structures that are derived from the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs due to the surrounding network of capillaries.

Surfactant

Anatomy

A detergent substance coating each alveolus that decreases surface tension at the liquid-gas interface and prevents alveolar collapse.

Left Lung

Anatomy

This side lung is slightly smaller than the other in order to make room for the heart in the thoracic cavity

Pleurae

Anatomy

Membranes that surround each lung; forms a closed sac against which the lung expands

Visceral Pleura

Anatomy

The inner membrane adjacent to the lung

Parietal Pleura

Anatomy

The outer membrane that touches the chest wall

Intrapleural Space

Anatomy

The space between the two pleurae; contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the two pleural surfaces; an example of a potential space (a space that is normally empty or collapsed)

Diaphragm

Anatomy

The thin skeletal muscular structure that divides the chest from the abdomen; helps create the pressure differential required for breathing

somatic, autonomic

The diaphragm is under _________ control even though breathing itself is under ____________ control

active, external, expand, increasing, decreases, expands, dropping, drawing, negative-pressure

Inhalation is an _________ process. The diaphragm and __________ intercostal muscles _________ the thoracic cavity, _____________ the volume of the intrapleural space. This ____________ the intrapleural pressure. This pressure differential ultimately ________ the lungs, __________ the pressure within and _________ in air from the environment. This mechanism is termed __________-__________ breathing.

passive, active, passive, external, decreases, higher, pushed, active, internal, abdominal, decrease, pushing

Exhalation is usually a ________ process, but can also be ________.

In ________ exhalation, as the diaphragm and __________ intercostal muscles relax, the chest cavity ___________ in volume. Now pressure in the intrapleural space is ________ than in the lungs, causing air to be _______ out.

In ________ exhalation, the _________ intercostal muscles and ____________ muscles can be used to forcibly _________ the volume of the thoracic cavity, _________ air out.

inhalation

Does the diaphragm contract during inhalation or exhalation?

exhalation

Does the diaphragm relax during inhalation or exhalation?

inhalation

Is inhalation or exhalation normally an active process?

exhalation

Is inhalation or exhalation normally a passive process?

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

the maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

Residual Volume (RV)

the volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

Vital Capacity (VC)

the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs (TLC - RV)

Tidal Volume (TV)

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

ventilation center, medulla oblongata, chemoreceptors, increasing, ventilation center, increasing, cerebrum, medulla oblongata

Ventilation is regulated by the ___________ _______, a collection of neurons in the ___________ ___________. __________________ respond to carbon dioxide concentrations, ____________ the respiratory rate when there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. The ___________ ________ can also respond to low oxygen concentrations in the blood by ____________ ventilation rate. Ventilation can also be controlled consciously through the __________, though the __________ __________ will override it during extended periods of hypo- or hyperventilation.

gas exchange, diffusion, concentration gradients

The lungs perform ____ ________ with the blood through simple ___________ across _____________ __________

enter, pulmonary arteries

Does deoxygenated blood with a high carbon dioxide concentration ENTER the lungs or EXIT the lungs?

Which blood vessel is it transported by?

exit, pulmonary veins

Does oxygenated blood with a low carbon dioxide concentration ENTER the lungs or EXIT the lungs?

Which blood vessel is it transported by?

surface area, vasodilation, vasoconstriction

The large _________ ______ of interaction between the alveoli and capillaries allows the respiratory system to assist in thermoregulation through _____________ and ________________ of the capillary beds.

decrease

Does vasodilation of the capillary beds in the respiratory tract lead to a decrease in body temperature or an increase?

increase

Does vasoconstriction of the capillary beds in the respiratory tract lead to a decrease in body temperature or an increase?

alveoli, capillaries, hemoglobin, capillaries, alveoli, expiration

O2 in the lungs flows down its pressure gradient from the _________ to the _____________ where it can bind to _______________ for transport. Meanwhile, CO2 flows down its partial pressure gradient from the ____________ into the _________ for ______________.

lysozyme

Which enzyme, found in the nasal cavity and saliva, is able to attack the peptidoglycan walls of gram-positive bacteria in order to protect the lungs from pathogens?

mucus, cilia, mucus, oral, mucociliary escalator

The internal airways are lined with ________, which traps particulate matter and larger invaders. Underlying _____ then propel the ________ up the respiratory tract to the ______ cavity, where it can be expelled or swallowed. This mechanism is called the ___________ __________.

vibrissae (small hairs in the nasal cavity), mucus membranes, mucociliary escalator

name the 3 main mechanisms used by the respiratory tract to filter the incoming air and trap particulate matter to protect it from pathogens

macrophages

immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

IgA antibodies

mucosal surfaces are covered in these to help protect against pathogens that contact the mucus membranes

mast cells

immune cells with antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals; often involved in allergic reactions

bicarbonate buffer system

the respiratory system uses this to maintain pH balance

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq)

write out the chemical formula for the bicarbonate buffer system

acidic, increases, carbon dioxide, left, decreasing

According to the bicarbonate buffer system, when blood pH decreases (gets more _______), respiration rate __________ to compensate by blowing off _________ _________. This causes a ______ shift in the buffer equation, ____________ hydrogen ion concentration.

basic, decreases, carbon dioxide, right, increasing

According to the bicarbonate buffer system, when blood pH increases (gets more _______), respiration rate __________ to compensate by trapping _________ _________. This causes a ______ shift in the buffer equation, ____________ hydrogen ion concentration.

increase

If the blood pH is too acidic (acidemia), does the respiratory rate increase or decrease?

decrease

If the blood pH is too basic (alkalemia), does the respiratory rate increase or decrease?

expel

If the blood pH is too acidic, do we want to retain carbon dioxide or expel it?

retain

If the blood pH is too basic, do we want to retain carbon dioxide or expel it?