Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Memory
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
Encoding
input of information into the memory system
Automatic processing
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
Effortful processing
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
Semantic encoding
input of words and their meaning
Visual encoding
input of images
Acoustic encoding
input of sounds, words, and music
Self-reference effect
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
Storage
creation of a permanent record of information
Sensory Memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
Short-Term Memory (STM)
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
Rehearsal
repetition of information to be remembered
Long-term memory (LTM)
continuous storage of information
Explicit memory
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
Episodic memory
type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory
Semantic memory
type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
Implicit memory
memories that are not part of our consciousness
Procedural memory
type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
Retrieval
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Recall
accessing information without cues
Recognition
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
Relearning
learning information that was previously learned
Equipotentiality hypothesis
some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
Amygdala
structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories
Hippocampus
structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory
Cerebellum
hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory
Prefrontal cortex
area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning
Arousal theory
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
Flashbulb memory
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Amnesia
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
Anterograde Amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
Retrograde Amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
Reconstruction
process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information
Suggestibility
effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
Misinformation effect paradigm
after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event
False memory syndrome
recall of false autobiographical memories
Forgetting
loss of information from long-term memory
Transience
memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time
Absentmindedness
lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
Misattribution
memory error in which you confuse the source of your information
Bias
how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
Persistence
failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones
Proactive interference
old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
Retroactive interference
information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
Chunking
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
Elaborative rehearsal
thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Mnemonic device
memory aids that help organize information for encoding
Elaborative rehearsal
thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Levels of processing
information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory
Self-reference effect
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
Engram
physical trace of memory
Memory-Enhancing Strategy
techniques to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory
