OpenStax Psychology 2e Chapter 8

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Memory

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set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

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Encoding

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input of information into the memory system

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52 Terms

1

Memory

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

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Encoding

input of information into the memory system

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3

Automatic processing

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

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Effortful processing

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

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Semantic encoding

input of words and their meaning

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Visual encoding

input of images

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Acoustic encoding

input of sounds, words, and music

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8

Self-reference effect

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

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9

Storage

creation of a permanent record of information

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10

Sensory Memory

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

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Short-Term Memory (STM)

holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

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Rehearsal

repetition of information to be remembered

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13

Long-term memory (LTM)

continuous storage of information

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14

Explicit memory

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

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Episodic memory

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

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Semantic memory

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

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Implicit memory

memories that are not part of our consciousness

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Procedural memory

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

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Retrieval

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

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Recall

accessing information without cues

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Recognition

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

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Relearning

learning information that was previously learned

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Equipotentiality hypothesis

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

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Amygdala

structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories

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Hippocampus

structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory

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Cerebellum

hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory

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Prefrontal cortex

area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning

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Arousal theory

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

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Flashbulb memory

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

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Amnesia

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

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Anterograde Amnesia

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

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Retrograde Amnesia

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

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Reconstruction

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

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Suggestibility

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

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Misinformation effect paradigm

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

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False memory syndrome

recall of false autobiographical memories

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Forgetting

loss of information from long-term memory

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Transience

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

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Absentmindedness

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

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Misattribution

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

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Bias

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

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Persistence

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

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Proactive interference

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

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Retroactive interference

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

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Chunking

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

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Elaborative rehearsal

thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

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Mnemonic device

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

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Elaborative rehearsal

thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

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Levels of processing

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

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Self-reference effect

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

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Engram

physical trace of memory

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Memory-Enhancing Strategy

techniques to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

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