Response to Industry -- Quiz Review

Sought to support and protect workers from long days, terrible working conditions, and low wages

Unions

Factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages

Sweatshop

Organized stoppage of work conducted by laborers in order to impose bargaining power against employers

Strikes

Management and union representatives negotiate the employment conditions for a particular bargaining unit for a designated period of time

Collective bargaining

When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached

Lockout

People who work despite an ongoing strike

Strikebreakers

Court order that forces or limits the performance of some act by a private individual or by a public official

Injunction

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions

Labor goals

Prevent strikes, encourage higher wages, 8-hour day, and unionization

Secret organization of Irish miners who campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Molly Maguires

The first strike that spread across multiple states in the US. A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting.

Great Railroad Strike

A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people.

Haymarket Square Riot

A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, PA, that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed Pinkerton detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops

Homestead Strike

A strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. President Grover Cleveland intervened, and federal troops forced an end to the strike.

Pullman Strike

On March 25, 1911, a ferocious blaze broke out in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City, resulting in 146 worker deaths.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. Known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race

Knights of Labor

A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades, sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions

American Federation of Labor

Shifting of focus from social issues to individual working conditions

Bread & Butter Unionism

Political/economic system in which the government owns all land and property and the needs of the many outweigh the means of the few

Communism

System of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, ad money.

Capitalism

An economic/political system that demands state ownership and control of the fundamental means of production and the distribution of wealth

Socialism

Struggles of farmers

Low crop prices, crop failures

Organization that banned farming families together to promote and facilitate economic and political interest of the group

Patrons of Husbandry

Causes of agrarian discontent

Economic instability in American agriculture

Jointly owned commercial enterprise that produces/distributes goods/services

Cooperatives

State laws passed regulating the fees grain elevator companies and railroads charged farmers to store and transport their crops.

Granger laws

Munn v. Illinois

Upheld power of state governments to regulate private industries that affect "the common good."

First "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party

Farmers Alliance

Populist Party

Support in the South/Great Plains, called for a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, shorter workweek, restrictions on immigration, public ownership of railroads/

Election of 1892

Cleveland (Dem), Harrison (Rep), Cleveland wins

Severe financial panic lasting from May of 1893 to November, 1893, with a run on currency, and banks closing, and businesses and manufacturers not being able to open because they had not cash to pay workers or buy materials.

Depression of 1893

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Cut tariff rates on imports/exports, completely eliminated tariffs on imports of coal, iron, lumber, and wool

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required gov to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver every month to mint coins, back paper currency

Political movement by those who wanted money backed by silver to be added to the money supply

Free Silver

Congress dropped silver dollars from official coinage

Crime of ‘73

A worldwide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation’s largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses

Panic of 1873

Omaha Platform

Unlimited coinage of silver, gov regulation of railroads/industry, graduated income tax, number of election reforms

Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

SC struck down the income tax imposed by the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act for being an unapportioned direct tax

Protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey.

Coxey’s Army

Hard/soft money

Hard money is the metallic/specie dollar, soft money is money raised in unlimited amounts

Delivered by William Jennings Bryan. In his address, Bryan supported "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity

Cross of Gold Speech

Political movement formed by the Granges, labor advocates, and local men's parties.

Greenback Labor Party

Election of 1896

McKinley (Rep), Bryan (Dem), McKinley wins

Prominent public intellectual advancing the idea of monetary bimetallism

“Coin” Harvey

Led a 500-strong "army" to Washington, D.C., in 1894 to demand a public works program to create jobs for the unemployed

Jacob Coxey

The head of the Knights of Labor

Terrence Powderly

The president of the American Federation of Labor. Wanted employers to offer workers a fair deal by paying high wages and providing job security

Samuel Gompers

A railroad magnate who was involved in the Black Friday scandal in 1869 and later gained control of many of the nation’s largest railroads, including the Union Pacific

Jay Gould

Advocate of the suffrage/temperance movements and the leader of the Populist Party

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Simplified complex economic and political issues of the day. Nickname from dismissing Republican opponent and compared his corporations to silk hosiery, to which is opponent replied it was better to have silk socks than none at all

Sockless Jerry Simpson

A Populist leader who initially advocated interracial political mobilization but later became a symbol of the party’s shift to white supremacy

Thomas Watson

23rd POTUS. He is the grandson of the 9th POTUS, William Henry Harrison

Benjamin Harrison

22nd/24th POTUS. He lost the election of 1888, but he ran again and won in 1892

Grover Cleveland

Worked for expansion of the money supply and for the opening of Indian Territory to white settlement

James B. Weaver

Financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street. Helped finance railroads and is one of the founders of US Steel

J.P. Morgan

Democratic presidential nominee in 1896. He ran for president 3 times.

William Jennings Bryan

Driving force behind McKinley’s rise to the presidency, was a former businessman who raised money and devised strategy for McKinley’s winning bid for the White House in 1896.

Mark Hanna

25th POTUS. A former Republican congressman from Ohio who won the presidency in 1896 and again in 1900.

William McKinley

A tireless socialist leader who organized the American Railway Union in the Pullman Strike in 1894. Convicted under the World War I’s Espionage Act in 1918 and sentenced to ten years in a federal penitentiary

Eugene Debs