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Sought to support and protect workers from long days, terrible working conditions, and low wages
Unions
Factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages
Sweatshop
Organized stoppage of work conducted by laborers in order to impose bargaining power against employers
Strikes
Management and union representatives negotiate the employment conditions for a particular bargaining unit for a designated period of time
Collective bargaining
When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached
Lockout
People who work despite an ongoing strike
Strikebreakers
Court order that forces or limits the performance of some act by a private individual or by a public official
Injunction
Commonwealth v. Hunt
Strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions
Labor goals
Prevent strikes, encourage higher wages, 8-hour day, and unionization
Secret organization of Irish miners who campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.
Molly Maguires
The first strike that spread across multiple states in the US. A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting.
Great Railroad Strike
A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people.
Haymarket Square Riot
A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, PA, that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed Pinkerton detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops
Homestead Strike
A strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. President Grover Cleveland intervened, and federal troops forced an end to the strike.
Pullman Strike
On March 25, 1911, a ferocious blaze broke out in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City, resulting in 146 worker deaths.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. Known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race
Knights of Labor
A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades, sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions
American Federation of Labor
Shifting of focus from social issues to individual working conditions
Bread & Butter Unionism
Political/economic system in which the government owns all land and property and the needs of the many outweigh the means of the few
Communism
System of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, ad money.
Capitalism
An economic/political system that demands state ownership and control of the fundamental means of production and the distribution of wealth
Socialism
Struggles of farmers
Low crop prices, crop failures
Organization that banned farming families together to promote and facilitate economic and political interest of the group
Patrons of Husbandry
Causes of agrarian discontent
Economic instability in American agriculture
Jointly owned commercial enterprise that produces/distributes goods/services
Cooperatives
State laws passed regulating the fees grain elevator companies and railroads charged farmers to store and transport their crops.
Granger laws
Munn v. Illinois
Upheld power of state governments to regulate private industries that affect "the common good."
First "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party
Farmers Alliance
Populist Party
Support in the South/Great Plains, called for a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, shorter workweek, restrictions on immigration, public ownership of railroads/
Election of 1892
Cleveland (Dem), Harrison (Rep), Cleveland wins
Severe financial panic lasting from May of 1893 to November, 1893, with a run on currency, and banks closing, and businesses and manufacturers not being able to open because they had not cash to pay workers or buy materials.
Depression of 1893
Wilson-Gorman Tariff
Cut tariff rates on imports/exports, completely eliminated tariffs on imports of coal, iron, lumber, and wool
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Required gov to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver every month to mint coins, back paper currency
Political movement by those who wanted money backed by silver to be added to the money supply
Free Silver
Congress dropped silver dollars from official coinage
Crime of â73
A worldwide depression that began in the United States when one of the nationâs largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses
Panic of 1873
Omaha Platform
Unlimited coinage of silver, gov regulation of railroads/industry, graduated income tax, number of election reforms
Pollock v. Farmersâ Loan & Trust Co.
SC struck down the income tax imposed by the WilsonâGorman Tariff Act for being an unapportioned direct tax
Protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey.
Coxeyâs Army
Hard/soft money
Hard money is the metallic/specie dollar, soft money is money raised in unlimited amounts
Delivered by William Jennings Bryan. In his address, Bryan supported "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity
Cross of Gold Speech
Political movement formed by the Granges, labor advocates, and local men's parties.
Greenback Labor Party
Election of 1896
McKinley (Rep), Bryan (Dem), McKinley wins
Prominent public intellectual advancing the idea of monetary bimetallism
âCoinâ Harvey
Led a 500-strong "army" to Washington, D.C., in 1894 to demand a public works program to create jobs for the unemployed
Jacob Coxey
The head of the Knights of Labor
Terrence Powderly
The president of the American Federation of Labor. Wanted employers to offer workers a fair deal by paying high wages and providing job security
Samuel Gompers
A railroad magnate who was involved in the Black Friday scandal in 1869 and later gained control of many of the nationâs largest railroads, including the Union Pacific
Jay Gould
Advocate of the suffrage/temperance movements and the leader of the Populist Party
Mary Elizabeth Lease
Simplified complex economic and political issues of the day. Nickname from dismissing Republican opponent and compared his corporations to silk hosiery, to which is opponent replied it was better to have silk socks than none at all
Sockless Jerry Simpson
A Populist leader who initially advocated interracial political mobilization but later became a symbol of the partyâs shift to white supremacy
Thomas Watson
23rd POTUS. He is the grandson of the 9th POTUS, William Henry Harrison
Benjamin Harrison
22nd/24th POTUS. He lost the election of 1888, but he ran again and won in 1892
Grover Cleveland
Worked for expansion of the money supply and for the opening of Indian Territory to white settlement
James B. Weaver
Financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street. Helped finance railroads and is one of the founders of US Steel
J.P. Morgan
Democratic presidential nominee in 1896. He ran for president 3 times.
William Jennings Bryan
Driving force behind McKinleyâs rise to the presidency, was a former businessman who raised money and devised strategy for McKinleyâs winning bid for the White House in 1896.
Mark Hanna
25th POTUS. A former Republican congressman from Ohio who won the presidency in 1896 and again in 1900.
William McKinley
A tireless socialist leader who organized the American Railway Union in the Pullman Strike in 1894. Convicted under the World War Iâs Espionage Act in 1918 and sentenced to ten years in a federal penitentiary
Eugene Debs