Criminal Law - Parties to Crime and Secondary Liability

A person who personally commits the actus reus of an offence is the ________.p

principal

A person who helps another commit an offence is a s____p____.

secondary party

Secondary liability is liability for assisting or encouraging the ________.p

principal

A principal offender is also called the ________.p o

primary offender

The person who actually commits the crime is the ________.p

principal

Secondary liability depends on the existence of a p________ offence.

principal

A secondary party may assist before or during the ________.o

offence

Physical help given to a principal is called ________.a

assistance

Words or actions persuading another to commit an offence amount to ________.e

encouragement

Helping another commit a crime is known as ________.a

aiding

Giving support during the offence is known as ________.a

abetting

Motivating another to commit an offence is known as ________.c

counselling

Arranging or organising the commission of an offence is known as ________.p

procuring

The traditional forms of secondary participation are aiding, abetting, counselling and ________.p

procuring

A secondary party must intentionally assist or ________.e

encourage

The mental element of secondary liability includes an intention to assist or ________.e

encourage

The secondary party must know the e________ circumstances of the offence.

essential

Mere presence at the scene is not usually enough for s________ liability.

secondary

Simply watching a crime does not normally amount to _a_______.

assistance

A person may be liable even without physically committing the ________.o

offence

Secondary liability requires both actus reus and ________.m r

mens rea

The actus reus of secondary liability is assistance or ________.e

encouragement

The mens rea of secondary liability is intention to assist or ________.e

encourage

The principal offender must commit or attempt the ________.o

offence

If no principal offence exists, there is generally no _s_______ liability.

secondary

Knowledge of the type of offence may be relevant to ________.l

liability

A person cannot accidentally become a _s_______ party.

secondary

Participation may occur through words, actions or deliberate ________.p

presence

Encouragement may be express or ________.i

implied

Joint participation refers to more than one person being involved in the same ________.o

offence

Each participant is judged according to their own ________.c

conduct

Criminal responsibility depends on both conduct and ________.i

intention

The prosecution must prove the required _e_______ beyond reasonable doubt.

elements

The principal commits the offence; the secondary party _a_______ it.

assists

A secondary party may be guilty even if they never touch the ________.v

victim

Participation in crime requires a connection between the assistance and the ________.o

offence

The defendant's assistance must be given ________.i

intentionally

The law distinguishes between the p________ offender and the secondary party.

principal

The key issue in secondary liability is intentional assistance or ________.e

encouragement