Criminal Law - Parties to Crime and Secondary Liability

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Last updated 10:39 PM on 8/1/26
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39 Terms

1
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A person who personally commits the actus reus of an offence is the ________.
principal
2
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A person who helps another commit an offence is a ________.
secondary party
3
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Secondary liability is liability for assisting or encouraging the ________.
principal
4
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A principal offender is also called the ________.
primary offender
5
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The person who actually commits the crime is the ________.
principal
6
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Secondary liability depends on the existence of a ________ offence.
principal
7
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A secondary party may assist before or during the ________.
offence
8
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Physical help given to a principal is called ________.
assistance
9
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Words or actions persuading another to commit an offence amount to ________.
encouragement
10
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Helping another commit a crime is known as ________.
aiding
11
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Giving support during the offence is known as ________.
abetting
12
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Motivating another to commit an offence is known as ________.
counselling
13
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Arranging or organising the commission of an offence is known as ________.
procuring
14
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The traditional forms of secondary participation are aiding, abetting, counselling and ________.
procuring
15
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A secondary party must intentionally assist or ________.
encourage
16
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The mental element of secondary liability includes an intention to assist or ________.
encourage
17
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The secondary party must know the ________ circumstances of the offence.
essential
18
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Mere presence at the scene is not usually enough for ________ liability.
secondary
19
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Simply watching a crime does not normally amount to ________.
assistance
20
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A person may be liable even without physically committing the ________.
offence
21
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Secondary liability requires both actus reus and ________.
mens rea
22
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The actus reus of secondary liability is assistance or ________.
encouragement
23
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The mens rea of secondary liability is intention to assist or ________.
encourage
24
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The principal offender must commit or attempt the ________.
offence
25
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If no principal offence exists, there is generally no ________ liability.
secondary
26
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Knowledge of the type of offence may be relevant to ________.
liability
27
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A person cannot accidentally become a ________ party.
secondary
28
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Participation may occur through words, actions or deliberate ________.
presence
29
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Encouragement may be express or ________.
implied
30
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Joint participation refers to more than one person being involved in the same ________.
offence
31
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Each participant is judged according to their own ________.
conduct
32
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Criminal responsibility depends on both conduct and ________.
intention
33
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The prosecution must prove the required ________ beyond reasonable doubt.
elements
34
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The principal commits the offence; the secondary party ________ it.
assists
35
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A secondary party may be guilty even if they never touch the ________.
victim
36
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Participation in crime requires a connection between the assistance and the ________.
offence
37
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The defendant's assistance must be given ________.
intentionally
38
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The law distinguishes between the ________ offender and the secondary party.
principal
39
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The key issue in secondary liability is intentional assistance or ________.
encouragement