BIO101 LEC Exam 3

This is the last exam other than the lab exam after this. If I don't pass one of these exams I will be ending my life the same day I receive the grade. Hope this helps! xx

Species

Group that can have babies together

Linneaus

Guy who made a System to name a group of living things

What are the 8 thingymajigies hiearchy of things. (“Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup”)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Analogy vs Homology

Analogy: Same function different roots (Bees/Insects wings)

Homology: Different function same roots (Birds and Bats wings)

Prokaryotes (2 Domains and Benefits)

• Includes Bacteria and Archaea

• Beneficial Services: Nitrogen Fixation, decomposition, bioremediation, gut symbiosis, food fermentation (Gurt: Yo)

Eukaryotes

• Have a nucleus and organelles like mitochondria

Protists

• Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi,

• Most unicellular

• Plasmodium —> Malaria

• Trypanosome —> Sleeping Sickness

Fungi

• Can be unicellular (Yeast) or multicellular (Mushrooms)

• They get food from breaking down dead stuff

• Some are edible (Morels) and some are toxic (Amanita) diseases

• Can cause Ringworm, Trichophyton, Histoplasma

Sporophyte and Gametophyte

• Diploid Phase, produces haploid spores by meiosis

• Haploid Phase, produces gametes (sperm and egg)

Evolutionary Trend

• Reduction of gametophyte stage in more advanced plants

How is this solved: Dessication (drying out)

Solved by waxy cuticle

Major Groups of Land Plants , Key Features, and Examples

Non Vascular Plants: No roots/ Vascular tissue: Mosses, Liverworts

Vascular Seedless: Have roots/ vascular tissue: Ferns, Horsetails

Gymnosperms: Naked Seeds :Pine, Spruce, Gingko

Angiosperms: Double Fertilization: Roses, Wheat, Oak

What do vascular tissues enable?

Enabled taller growth (Ferns —> Trees)

What do seeds protect and allow?

Protects embryos and allow dormancy (gymno/angio sperms)

What need does pollen eliminate?

Eliminates need for water in fertilization

What does flowers and fruits attract and aid in?

Attract pollinators and aid seed dispersal

What is the base of the food chain?

Primary Producers

Heterotrophs

Obtain energy by consuming other organisms

Animals are motile…

Motile: Organism can move on its own, but doesn’t have to move its whole life. Example: Larvae, adult)

Animals are Eukaryotic and Multicellular

No cell walls, specialized tissues

Symmetry: Options and Examples

Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral: Sponge (none), Jellyfish (Radial), Human (bilateral symmetrical)

Tissue Layers: Options and Examples

Diploblastic (2 layers), Triploblastic (3 Layers): Cnidarians (diplo),Vertebrates (triplo)

Body Cavity: Options and Examples

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Eucoelomate: Flatworm (none), Roundworm (Pseudo), Mammals(Eucoelomate)

Development: Options and Examples

Protostomes (Mouth first), Deuterostomes (Anus First): Snails (Proto), Humans (Deutero)

Skeletons: Options and Examples

Exoskeleton (arthopods), Endoskeleton (Vertebrates): Crab (Exo), Fish (Endo)

Animal Phyla: Porifera: Key Ft. and Examples

No Tissues/Organs, filter feeders; Sponges

Animal Phyla: Cnidaria: Key Ft. and Examples

Radial Symmetry, stinging cells; Jellyfish, Corals

Animal Phyla: Mollusca: Key Ft. and Examples

Soft body, mantle, radula; Snails, Octopus, Clams

Animal Phyla: Anthropoda: Key Ft. and Examples

Exoskeleton, Jointed legs, most diverse; Insects, Spiders, Crabs

Animal Phyla: Annelida: Key Ft. and Examples

Segmented worms, moist skin required; Earthworms, leeches

Animal Phyla: Echinodermata: Key Ft. and Examples

Radial symmetry, water vascular system; Starfish, sea urchin

Animal Phyla: Chordata Key Ft. and Examples

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngal slits; Humans, birds, fish

Jawless Fish

Hagfish, lampreys

Jawed Fish

Cartilaginous (sharks) vs. bony (salmon)

Amphibians

Moist skin, aquatic larvae

Reptiles

Amniotic egg; scales; ectothermic (snakes)

Birds

Feathers, endothermic, hollow bones

Mammals

Hair, Mammary glands, 3 groups (Monotremes, Marsupials, Placentals)

Monotremes

Egg laying (Platypus)

Marsupials

Pouch (Koala)

Placentals

Advanced gestation (humans)

Terrestrial Transition

Amniotic egg (reptiles, birds, mammals), reduced water dependence

Flight

Birds evolved feathers/hollow bones; insects exoskeletons/wings

Pollination

Insects coevolved with flowering plants

Human impact

Coral bleaching, endangered species

Innate Immunity : Function and Key cells/proteins

Macrophages, Neutrophils, NK cells, Complement Proteins

Adaptive Immunity: Function and Key cells/proteins

B Cells (Antibodies), T cells (Cell mediated)

Complement System

Protein tag pathogens for destruction or lyse them

Adaptive Responses: Humoral (B Cells)

Antibodies naturalize pathogens

Adaptive Responses: Cell Mediated (T Cells)

Destroy Infected Cells

Antigen

Molecule Triggering immune response

Antibody structure: Variable and Constant Region

Variable: Binds Antigen

Constant: Determines antibody class (L(IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD)

Functions of Antibodies and Antigens

• Neutralize pathogens

• Opsonization (Tagging for phagocytosis)

• Activate complement system

Memory Cells

Long lived B/T Cells for faster response upon re-exposure

Active vs Passive Immunity

Active: Body produces antibodies

Passive: Pre-made antibodies transferred

Types of T cells

• Helper T (TH): Activate B cells/macrophages

• Cytotoxic T (TC): Kills infected cells

• Regulatory T (TReg): Prevent autoimmunity

Immune System Disruptions: Cause and Example: Allergies (Immediate)

IgE overreaction to harmless antigens: Pollen, Peanuts

Immune System Disruptions: Cause and Example: Autoimmune Diseases

Immune system attacks self antigens: Type 1 diabetes

Immune System Disruptions: Cause and Example: HIV/AIDS

Destroys TH cells, Crippling immunity: Pneumonia