Unit 1- Chemistry- [A1] Structure an bonding in applications in c

This is specifically for the BTEC foundation diploma Pearson edexcel course however, you can use this for A-level chemistry as it is the same content

What does the nucleus include?

protons, neutrons and electrons

What is the relative mass of a proton?

1

What is the relative mass of an electron?

1

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

0

What are the electrons in around the nucleus?

shells

Where are protons and neutrons found in an atom?

in the centre

How many electrons can the first shell hold?

2

How many electrons can the second shell hold?

8

How many electrons can the third shell hold?

18

How many electrons can the fourth shell hold?

32

What are orbitals?

regions where there is a 95% probability of locating an electron

How many electrons can an orbital hold?

2

What are the names of the different orbitals?

s,p,d and f

Do all the orbitals have the same energy?

no, they have different energy states

What are cations?

positively charges ions

What are anions?

negatively charged ions

What is Aufbau principle?

the electrons fill the orbitals with the lowest available energy state in relation to the proximity to the nucleus before filling orbitals with higher energy states.

what does the Aufbau principle do ?

gives the most stable electron configuration

What is the meaning of electron configuration?

the distribution of electrons in an atom or molecule

What is the meaning of spin?

in an orbital, each electron will be a different spin state

What can the first shell hold in written notation?

2 electrons

What type of orbital is in the first shell?

s orbital

What type of orbital is at the second shell?

s and p orbitals

What do the half arrows represent?

the spin of different electrons

What is ionic bonding?

electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions

What do you use to represent ionic bonding?

dot and cross diagram

What is electrostatic attraction?

the force experienced by oppositely charged particles

What is a giant ionic lattice?

a regular arrangement of positive ions and negative ions

What is an example of a giant ionic lattice?

sodium chloride

What does the strength of the ionic bond dependent on?

the ionic charge and the ionic radii of ions

What would happen if the the ionic compound had more positive ions?

the more shells it would have

If the ionic charge is higher…

the electrostatic force is stronger

What does ionic bonding occur between?

non-metal and metal

What is Bohr theory?

plum pudding model

What is covalent bonding?

when an electron is shared between the atoms

What does a covalent bond usually occur between?

non-metal and non-metal

What is it called when both sharing electrons come from one atom?

dative covalent bond

What is dative bonding also known as?

Coordinate bonding

What is it called if three pairs of electrons are shared?

a triple covalent bond

The shorter the length of the bond….

the stronger the bond is

True or false, single bonds have a greater length than double bonds ?

true

Do double bonds have a greater length than triple bonds?

yes

Are triple bonds stronger than double bond and single bonds?

yes

How does ammonia form a dative bond with hydrochloric acid?

when ammonia reacts with HCL, a hydrogen ion from the acid transfers to the ammonia molecule. a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom forms a dative bond with the hydrogen ion.

What does lone pair of electrons mean?

a non-binding pair of electrons

What is an organic compound?

a compound that contains one or more carbons in a carbon chain

What does having four bonds mean?

it has a tetrahedral shape

What is the bond molecule angle?

109.5

What is metallic bonding?

the highest level of a metal atom has the ability to become delocalised

What is the meaning of electronegativity?

the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electron

What is the meaning of when a molecule is non-polar?

a molecule where the electrons are distributed evenly throughout the molecule

What is the meaning of a polar molecule?

a molecule with partial positive charge in one part of the molecule and similar negative charge in another part due to an uneven electron distribution

What are intermolecular forces?

the attraction or repulsion between neighbouring molecules

What is the meaning of dipole?

separation of charges within a covalent molecule

What are the two types of dipole forces?

temporary dipole and induced dipole are the weak forces present in non-polar covalent molecules

What is A on the picture?

more electrons

What is B on the picture?

more movement

What is C on the picture?

bigger dipoles

What is D on the picture?

stronger attraction

What are the only types of forces that exist between noble gases and non-polar molecules?

London dispersion forces

What is the meaning of Van der waals forces?

all intermolecular attractions are an der waals forces

What are dipole-dipole forces?

permanent forces between polar molecules

What do polar molecules have?

a permanent negative and permanent positive end

What do these oppositely charged ends do?

attract each other

Are dipole-dipole forces stronger or weaker than London dispersion forces?

slightly stronger but are still weak in comparison to a covalent bond

What are some examples of molecules that have a permanent dipole-dipole forces?

hydrogen chloride, iodine monochloride

What is the strongest form of intermolecular force?

hydrogen bond

What is a hydrogen bond?

a special type of dipole-dipole bond and are forces that are 10% of the strength of a covalent bond

When do hydrogen bonds form?

when compounds have hydrogen directly bonded to fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen

Why is it that a hydrogen bond forms only when it is directly bonded to some elements?

there is a large difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and the three atoms. This difference means that very polar bonds are formed so the molecules have permanent dipoles. When two of these molecules are close together, there will be an attraction between the positive end and the lone pair. This is the hydrogen bond

What is the formula for moles?

moles=mass /Mr

What is the empirical formula?

the ration between elements in a chemical compound

What is a titration?

a method of volumetric analysis used to calculate the concentration of a solution

What is a solution?

a liquid mixture where a solute is dissolved in a solvent

What is a standard solution?

a solution of a known concentration used in volumetric analysis

What is a solute?

the substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

What is a solvent?

a liquid that dissolves another substance

What is theoretical mass?

the expected amount of product from a reaction calculated from the balanced equation

What is the percentage yield?

the actual amount of mass worked out as a percentage of the theoretical mass

What is the formula for percentage yield?