Vocab Cards Sets 13-18

Set 13

Aboriginals

Aborigines are the indigenous people of Australia, known for their rich cultural heritage, deep spiritual connection to the land, and distinct languages. Their history dates back over 65,000 years, making them one of the oldest continuous cultures in the world.

Royal Society

The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship made up of many of the world's most eminent scientists, engineers, and technologists.

African Association

Society founded in 1788 by Joseph Banks to sponsor geographical expeditions into Africa and chart the course of the Niger River, a feat partially achieved by Mungo Park.

Tupaia

(ca. 1725-1770) A Polynesian high priest who contributed his expert navigational skills to Captain James Cook's first Pacific voyage.

Enlightenment

European philosophical movement of the late seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries that stressed the use of rea- son, rather than the authority of ancient philosophers or religious leaders, in descriptions of society and the natural world.

John Locke

(1632-1704) Philosopher who applied Bacon's inductive reasoning to the study of politics argued that a stable social order is based on the relationship between rulers and ruled with their protection of life, liberty, and property.

Laissez faire

French economic philosophy attributed to Scottish Enlightenment thinker Adam Smith, who argued that businesses and nations benefit from a free market in which each party seeks to increase its economic advantage.

Voltaire

Pen name of François-Marie Arouet, one of the most prominent Enlightenment writers who used satire to critique French society.

Mary Wollstonecraft

"(1759-1797) An English author and reformer who advocated equality of rights for women" (Voyage 642).

Enlightened despots

European rulers in the eighteenth century who sought to systematically apply Enlightenment ideals to government administration.

Social contract

An agreement amongst a society to cooperate for social benefits.

Baron Montesquieu

Montesquieu's ideas contributed to the new constitutions in France and America. He praised the British government's use of checks on power. He influenced the American system.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Rousseau expanded on the idea of the social contract as it had been passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke.

Capitalism

An economic system where private individuals or businesses own and operate the means of production and distribution

Thomas Paine

Wrote literature such as "common sense" and played a crucial role in inspiring the American Revolution and advocating for independence from Britain

Set 14

Simon Bolivar

(1783-1830) revolutionary who was born in Venezuela and led military forces throughout present-day Ecadar, Columbia, Bolivia, and Peru, becoming the most important military leader in the struggle of independence for South America.

Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War was a conflict between France and Great Britain that began in 1754 as a dispute over North American land claims in the region around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This conflict eventually spread into other parts of the world, including Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Third Estate

Before the French Revolution, the order of French society that included the common people (the First Estate was the clergy, the Second the aristocracy, and the Third everyone else).

National Assembly

(1789) Assembly that launched the French Revolution, formed by members of the Third Estate after the failure of the Estates-General. They agreed on the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen," forcing the king to sign the assembly's constitution.

Jacobins

The most radical republican faction in the national Convention. They organized a military force that saved the republic, but their leader Maximilien Robespierre, head of the Committee of Public Safety, ruled by decree and set in motion the Reign of Terror.

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) Military commander who gained control of France after the French Revolution. He declared himself emperor in 1804 and attempted to expand French territory, but failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. He died in exile after a brief return to power in 1815.

Nationalism

The defining ideology of the nation-state which emphasizes the rights and responsibilities of the citizens towards the nation.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian revolution. During his leadership, Haiti gained independence and abolished slavery, becoming the first black-ruled republic in the Americas.

Malê Revolt

A Slave revolt in Salvador organized by Muslims.

Congress of Vienna

Conference where the balance of power among European states was restored.

Miguel de Hidalgo y Costilla

"Mexican priest who launched the first stage of the Mexican war for independence."

Caudillos

Latin American military men who gained power through violence

Balkan nationalism (19th century)

Strong sense of identity in the Balkan Peninsula.

classical liberalism

A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

a Puerto Rican poet, journalist, and revolutionary, known for her contributions to literature and her advocacy for Puerto Rican independence.

Maori nationalism

the movement advocating for the rights, cultural preservation, and self-determination of the Māori people, the indigenous population of New Zealand

Nation-states

political entities where a distinct cultural or ethnic group forms its independent government and territory, sharing a common identity.

New Zealand Wars

a series of conflicts in the mid-19th century between Māori tribes and British colonial forces over land and sovereignty on the North Island of New Zealand

Ottomanism

A movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state

Propaganda Movement (Philippines)

a late 19th-century reform movement led by Filipino expatriates in Europe, advocating for political and social changes under Spanish rule.

Set 15

Industrial Revolution

Changes began in Britain in the late 18th century and transformed the global economy by creating new markets and technological advancements.

Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Egyptian ruler who tried to modernize his economy, promoting cotton cultivation and textile manufacturing and sending young Egyptians to Europe.

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist who advocated for the importance of individual liberty and supported greater women's rights.

German Unification

The 19th-century process of unificating various German-speaking states into a single nation, was officially achieved in 1871 under Prussian leadership.

Italian Unification

Italian Unification was the 19th-century movement that united the states of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy in 1871.

Emancipation Edict

Edict by Tsar Alexander II in1861 that freed the Russian serfs but they had to pay their former owners for their freedom. However, the land they were in wasn't enough to produce the money needed for freedom.

Tanzimat Reforms

Reconstructing the Ottoman Empire, taking law away from religious authorities and bureaucracies reorganized to gain efficiency.

Agricultural revolution

Period of significant advancements in farming including tools and techniques.

Cottage industry

Small-scale production with hand-crafted products before factories.

Enclosure movement

Process in England where land was turned into private lands.

Human capital vs. capital

Human capital is the skills and knowledge of the people while capital is physical assets such as tools or buildings.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Railroad connecting Moscow to Vladivostok.

Shipbuilding

Development of ships and sea-based trade.

Iron works

Facilities where iron is smelted and processed into tools, machinery, or structures.

Textile production

The production and trade of textiles; significant industries in both india and egypt.

Company rule

The period of British East India Company control over parts of India from 1757 to 1858.

coaling stations

Refueling points for ships located at strategic locations across trade routes.

Second Industrial Revolution

A late 19th and early 20th century technological era marked by advancements in chemicals, steel, machinery, and electronics.

fossil fuels

Energy sources derived from the remains of plants and animals.

Transcontinental Railroad

A railway system that connected different regions of a continent with the first in the US completed in 1869

internal combustion engine

An engine that uses the combustion of fuel wiuthin a cylinder to produce power for machines like cars and planes.

steam engine

A machine powered by coal that converts steam into mechanical energy for industrial and transportation purposes.

Steamships

Industrial age ships powered by steam engines.

Telegraphs

a communication system that allows messages to be sent instantly over long distances using electrical signals.

Guano

a natural fertilizer made from bat and seabird poop.

Export economies

Economics focuses on producing goods, especially agricultural products for export to international markets.

Diamonds & DeBeers Mining Company & Cecil Rhodes

heavily influenced the mining industry and colonial infrastructure in Africa.

Monocultures

agricultural systems where a single crop is cultivated extensively often leading to reduced biodiversity.

Set 16

Opium War

Conflicts between China and Britain over the opium trade in China.

Treaty of Nanjing/Nanking

Treaty ending the first opium war, which ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened ports, and imposed protection.

Taiping Rebellion

Chinese Civil War was led by a Christian-inspired movement against the Qing dynasty.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Qing dynasty reforms aimed to modernize China by adopting Western technology while preserving Confucian values.

Empress Ci Xi

Qing dynasty empress who held significant power, often blamed for resisting modernization and reform.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign rebellion in China led by the Boxers, which was opposed to Western influence and suppressed by an international coalition.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Naval officer who forced Japan to open trade with the West in 1853, ending Japan's isolation.

The Meiji Restoration

Period of modernization and industrialization in Japan, restoring imperial rule under Emperor Meiji.

Zaibatsu

Large industrial and financial group of businesses in Japan that dominated its economy during the Meiji era and beyond.

Sino-Japanese War

War between China and Japan over control of Korea, which was won by Japan.

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan in Manchuria and Korea, also won by Japan.

Indian Revolt of 1857

The uprising against British rule in India, sparked by sepoy grievances.

Indian National Congress

An organization promoting Indian independence from British colonial rule.

East India Company

The East India Company was an English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India.

Adam Smith

A scottish economist and philosopher regarded as one of the foundations of modern economics.

industrial capitalism

Private ownership of production and operation for profit.

limited liability corporations

Investors were only liable for the company's debt up to their initial investment.

stock market

Marketplace where shares are sold and bought.

transnational businesses

Companies operating across many nations.

Economic imperialism

A practice where one nation extends its economic power over others, benefiting the dominating country.

Culture System

Policies by the Dutch in Indonesia forcing farmers to grow certain cash crops.

Corvée labor

Unpaid labor imposed by the government.

Puerto Madera

Modern port in Argentina made by the British.

Banana republics

Unstable state dependent on a single crop or resource for their economies.

Set 17

Democracy

System of government run by the people.

Reconstruction

Period after the American Civil War in which the government oversaw constitutional provisions to guarantee civil rights for freed slaves.

Gilded Age

: Period of economic prosperity in the US in the last two decades of the 19th century, the wealthy masking poverty and corruption.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that gave the US the northern half of Mexico after the fall of Mexico City.

Porfirio Diaz

The president of Mexico from 1876-1880 and 1884-1911 who developed infrastructures and provided stability but ignored civil liberties.

Emiliano Zapata

Leader of a popular uprising during the Mexican Revolution who mobilized the poor.

Yucatán Rebellion

Maya uprising in Yucatán, challenging Mexican authority.

Indian Removal Act

Legislation leading to the dispossession of Amerindian people in southestern United States leading to the deaths of thousands.