Ch. 13 - AIDS, Cancer, Arthritis

Interactions among behavioural, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes of adaptation

Psychoneuroimmunology

What happens when we have too much immune activity?

Autoimmune diseases

What happens when we don’t have enough immune function?

Susceptible to infection

How well our immune system is working, or how effective it is

Immunocompetence

How do we assess immunocompetence (2)?

Look at # of immune cells/antibodies in blood, and look at functioning of those cells

How can we assess functioning of our immune cells?

Measuring production of antibodies

True or false: Latent viruses are active and our bodies should be producing antibodies to fight against it

False

Functioning immune system

Immunocompetence

Non functioning immune system

Immunocompromise

Our immune system mobilizes to fight off infection + repair wounds when we experience _____ stress

Short-term

What immune cells are fast-acting and immediately fight off infection?

Lymphocytes

What are NK cells?

Natural killer cells

During acute stress, our specific immunity ______ (increases/decreases)

Decreases

True or false: Specific immunity is best effective at dealing with an immediate stressor

False

When we experience short-term stress, our production of NK cells _____ (increase/decrease)

Increase

True or false: Acute stressors lead to the upregulation of natural immunity

True

True or false: When we experience mid-term stress, our immune system responds by increasing the number of cells

False

In mid-term stressors, our specific immunity _____ (increases/decreases)

Increases

How does our immune system respond to mid-term stress?

Mobilizing immune functioning to fight off invaders

True or false: Chronic stressors can lead to inflammation

False

What nervous system responds to acute stress?

Sympathetic nervous system

True or false: Activiation of the HPA axis supresses the immune system

True

Cortisol _____ (increases/decreases) our white blood cell count

Decreases

Cortisol _____ (increases/decreases) the release of cytokines

Decreases

How does academic stress affect other systems in our bodies?

Increases cardiovascular activity

Disorders caused by immune system attacking the body’s own tissue because it thinks that it is a foreign invader

Autoimmune disorders

How many autoimmune disorders are there?

80

Autoimmune disorder that affects tissue lining the joints

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

What diabetes type is an autoimmune disorders that attacks the pancreas?

Type I

What autoimmune disorder is defined as the destruction of myelin sheath that surrounds the nerves?

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

True or false: Irritable Bowel Disease is an autoimmune disorder

True

Is autoimmune disorders more likely in men or women?

Women

What age group do autoimmune disorders usually emerge in?

20s

Is there a genetic role in autoimmune disorders?

Yes

True or false: Autoimmune disorders are related

True

Depression is associated with _____ (increases/decreases) in lymphocyte responses

Decreases

True or false: Only long-term interpersonal conflict negatively impacts our immune system, and not short-term

False

What is shown to have a positive relationship with immune functioning?

Resilience

The relationships between immunity and resilience is _____

Reciprocal

What 2 factors are related to resilience that positively impact the immune system?

Optimism and personal control

NK cell activity suggests a ____ (higher/lower) immune response

Higher

What stress management technique is considered an ‘intervention’ against the effect of stress on the immune system?

Relaxation

What does AIDS stand for?

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

What’s unique about AIDS compared to other diseases?

Newer

Where did AIDS originate from?

Africa

When did AIDS emerge?

1970s

True or false: When AIDS first began spreading, health care professionals managed to reduce it significantly by vaccinating all African people

False

When was the first AIDS case in CAN?

1982

How many people in CAN have died from AIDS?

13,000

Since when has infection rates of AIDS began declining?

1990

Worldwide, how many people are living with AIDS/HIV?

37.9 million

What does HIV stand for?

Human immunodeficiency virus

Virus that inserts its own DNA into the host cell and attacks the helper T cells of the host

Retrovirus

True or false: AIDS is a retrovirus

True

How is HIV transmitted?

Bodily fluids

True or false: HIV can be transmitted through touching something an infected person touched

False

True or false: Asymptomatic HIV people can still pass on the virus to others

True

True or false: The HIV virus grows very slowly

False

What are the initial symptoms of HIV?

Mild flu-like symptoms and swollen glands

True or false: Most deaths of people with AIDS is because of the virus

False

AIDS patients can experience complications with what nervous system?

Central

What is a treatment for AIDS?

HAART

What does HAART stand for?

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

What’s a common comorbidity with HIV?

Depression

True or false: HAART can not get rid of the HIV infection and only manages its symptoms

False

True or false: Housing status impacts the treatment adherence rates for AIDS

True

People have tried to increase self-efficacy by getting patients with AIDS to practice medication adherence using _____

Jellybeans

What were the first 2 main at-risk groups of AIDS?

MSM and IV users

Why were MSM more at risk for AIDS?

Less likely to use protection since no risk of pregnancy

True or false: Indigenous people are at a higher risk of contracting HIV

True

What age group is most at-risk for AIDS?

Adolescents and young adults

What/who is a common source of spreading the HIV virus?

Women in sex trade

What diagnosis can lead to suicidal tendencies?

HIV

What’s a major psychosocial issue relating to HIV?

Disclosure

True or false: Over time, people tend to cope better with AIDS

True

True or false: If you have HIV, you cannot go back to working

False

What % of AIDS patients in CAN are women?

25

Women with AIDS tend to live _____ lives

Chaotic

True or false: After a HIV diagnoses, women tend to cope worse and engage in more risky behaviours than before

False

True or false: Individualized interventions for at-risk groups are more effective than generic interventions against AIDS

True

Educational interventions against HIV is more effective for primary or secondary prevention?

Secondary prevention

What is primary prevention?

Preventing people from contracting disease in the first place

What is secondary prevention?

Preventing people with the disease from spreading it to others

True or false: Those with more sexual experience are better at practicing safe-sex practices

False

_____ treatments can stop the spread of AIDS by decreasing the frequency of injections

Methadone

True or false: CBT is an effective intervention strategy in reducing AIDS

True

True or false: Getting help from the Internet encourages negative coping strategies in dealing with AIDS

False

Negative beliefs about the self can result in a decline in _____ (immune system cells)

Helper T cells

Since when have gay men be able to donate blood?

2019

Gay men can only donate blood if they have not had sexual contact with another man for at least ______

3 months

How many types of cancer are there?

100+

All cancers result from a dysfunction in _____, causing rapid growth of cells that use up your body’s resources

DNA

What % of CAN will have cancer at some point?

50

What % of CAN will die from cancer?

25

Cancer was the ____ leading cause of death in CAN

Primary

What is the most deadly cancer?

Lung cancer

Is there a genetic factor to cancer?

Yes

HPV can cause _____ cancer

Cervical

What % of cancers could have been prevented by reducing certain risk factors?

30-50

What province in CAN has the highest incidence rate of cancer?

NL