Cell Biology Review Flashcards

Flashcards about cells, cell theory, microscopes, types of cells (prokaryotic/eukaryotic), plant and animal cells, and specialized cells.

What are cells?

The natural building blocks of living organisms.

What is the first principle of cell theory?

All living things are made up of one or more cells.

What is the second principle of cell theory?

Cells are the basic units of organization in living things.

What is the third principle of cell theory?

All cells come from other cells.

What is a unicellular organism?

An organism made up of only one cell.

What is a multicellular organism?

An organism made up of multiple cells.

Give three examples of unicellular organisms.

Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus, E. coli), Protists (e.g., Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium), Some Algae (e.g. Chlorella), Unicellular Fungus (e.g. Saccharomyces - yeast).

Give two example of multicellular organisms.

Volvox Algae and Tardigrade

What is the function of microscopes?

To make small things visible by magnifying or enlarging them.

What are microscopic objects?

Objects that can only be seen through a microscope.

Who is credited with making one of the earliest compound microscopes?

Zacharias Janssen (b.1585).

What is the magnification range of a stereo light microscope?

Up to 300x

What is the magnification range of a compound light microscope?

Up to 2000x

What is the magnification range of an electron microscope?

Up to 2,000,000x

Name four parts of a light microscope.

Eyepiece or ocular lens, Objective lens, Stage, Coarse focus knob, Fine focus knob, Mirror or lamp, Handle.

How do you calculate total magnification?

Ocular lens magnification x Objective lens magnification

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.

Name the 5 kingdoms.

Animal, Plant, Fungi , Protista, and Monera.

What kingdoms are unicellular?

Monera.

What kingdoms are multicellular?

Animal, Plant, Fungi.

What kingdoms can be both unicellular and multicellular?

Protista.

Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

In the nucleoid.

Name four components of a prokaryotic cell.

Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Nucleoid, Ribosome, Cytosol.

What is the function of the nucleoid?

The region of the cell that contains the DNA.

Where is the DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

In the nucleus, bound by a membrane.

Give three examples of eukaryotic cells.

Fungi, plant, and animal cells.

Name four components of an eukaryotic cell.

Nucleus, DNA, Ribosomes, Cytosol, Plasma membrane.

What cell organelles are common in Plant and Animal Cells.

Membrane-bound nucleus, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, and Vacuole.

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

It uses sugar and oxygen and turns them into energy the cell can use.

What is the function of DNA?

It is the cell's instruction manual and tells the cell what to do.

What is the function of the vacuole?

It stores water, nutrients, and waste products for the cell to use later.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Provides protection for a cell.

Chloroplasts are present in what type of cells?

Plant cells.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into sugars the plant can use; it allows the plant to make their own food.

What is the levels of organization in multicellular organism?

Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Systems.

What is cell specialization?

Cells that have developed specific features to perform particular functions within a multicellular organism.

What is the function of a muscle cell?

To help the body to move.

List two adaptation features of the muscle cell to carry out it function.

It contains bands of protein that change shape to contract and relax the muscle and It contains lots of mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction.

What is the function of a nerve cell (neuron)?

To carry nerve impulses around the body.

List two adaptation features of the nerve cells to carry out it function.

Long fibres allow it to carry electrical impulses up and down the body and They have branching dendrites at each end to connect to other nerves or muscles.

What is the function of a epithelial cell?

To move mucus with trapped dust and microorganisms away from the lungs.

List two adaptation features of the epithelial cells to carry out it function.

Tiny hairs called cilia to help to move the mucus along the airways and Lots of mitochondria to release energy for cilia to move.

What is the function of a red blood cell?

To transport oxygen around the body.

List two adaptation features of the red blood cells to carry out it function.

It has a biconcave shape increases the surface area for the diffusion of oxygen and The cell loses its nucleus, so there is more room for haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen molecules.

What is the function of a photosynthetic cell?

To carry out photosynthesis and make food (glucose) for the plant.

List two adaptation features of the photosynthetic cells to carry out it function.

Lots of chloroplasts to absorb light to provide energy for photosynthesis and Tall, long shape and a large surface area to maximise the absorption of light.

What is the function of a guard cell?

It allows for gas exchange (such as carbon dioxide intake and oxygen release) and water vapour.

How are guard cells adapted to perform its function?

They have a unique, bean-shaped structure with an opening called a stoma.