chapter 22

Defenses in respiratory tract

nasal hair, ciliary escalator, mucus, coughing, sneezing, secretory IgA, alveolar macrophages, cytokines, complement

Biota in respiratory

streptococcus, prevotella, sphingomonas, pseudomonas, acinetobacter, fusobacterium, megasphaera, veillonella

whooping cough

bordetella pertussis

RSV disease

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Influenza

influenza A, B and C viruses

First stage whooping cough

after incubation period, bacteria in resp. Tract cause cold symptoms

Second stage whooping cough

worsens and there is severe and uncontrollable coughing

Third stage whooping cough

convalescent period, bacteria are decreasing, but complete recovery lasts weeks to months

age groups at most risk for serious disease from RSV.

Very young and very old

Antigenic drift

antigens gradually change their amino acid composition, resulting in decreased ability of host memory cells to recognize them

Antigenetic shift

the swapping out of one of the 8 RNA strands with a strand from a different flu virus

Tuberculosis

mycobacterium tuberculosis, MDR-TB and XDR-TB

community-acquired pneumonia

rhinoviruses, streptococcus pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella species, histoplasma capsulatum, pneumocystis jirovecii

health care-associated pneumonia

gram-neg and gram-pos bacteria from upper resp tract or stomach, contamination of ventilator

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

hantavirus

MDR-TB

generally sicker and have higher mortality rates

XDR-TB

mortality is about 70%. Few cases in the US, have few treatment options

epidemiology of tuberculosis infection

Vary with the living conditions. Increased susceptibility is caused by bad diet, bad immune system, limited access to medical care, lung damage, and genetics. Infection of poverty

causes of community-acquired pneumonia.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, rhinovirus, influenza

HCAP

health care-associated pneumonia Occurs in people who have had recent close contact with the health care system . caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. High antibiotic resistance. More severe

CAP

community-acquired pneumonia caused by non-resistant, community-dwelling organisms. Low antibiotic resistance. Less severe

chain of transmission of the causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

Transmitted through dust contaminated with urine, feces, or saliva of infected rodents (deer mice)