APEURO UNIT 8 World War I

militarism

a cause of WWI; the idea that states desired to increase their military capacity in order to defend and pursue their national interests; European powers exhibit this in industrialization, and therefore have a desire to use what they spent their money on

Otto Von Bismarck

German chancellor who increased the antagonism/antagonistic alliances between Germany and France, creating a cause of WWI

Triple Alliance

A military alliance formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, aimed at strengthening their collective power and deterring aggression from other nations; fed into antagonism between the Triple Entente.

Triple Entente

A military alliance formed in 1907 between France, Russia, and Great Britain, established to counterbalance the power of the Triple Alliance and maintain peace in Europe.

Alsace and Lorraine

a region that Germany secured as a result of the Franco-Prussian War; increased tensions between Germany and France, as France believed that this region rightfully belonged to them

Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne/archduke whose assassination by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip in 1914 sparked the escalation of tensions that led to World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

A Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, leading to the outbreak of World War I.

trench warfare

A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from entrenched positions, characterized by long stalemates and harsh conditions, prevalent during World War I.

machine gun

A rapid-fire, automatic firearm that significantly increased the lethality of warfare during World War I, particularly in the trenches, leading to high casualty rates in battles.

chlorine gas

A chemical weapon used for the first time in warfare during World War I, causing severe respiratory damage and panic among soldiers.

submarines

Underwater vessels capable of independent operation and warfare, notably used by Germany in World War I to disrupt Allied shipping and enforce blockades.

airplanes

Fast aircraft used for reconnaissance, bombing, and dogfights during World War I, marking the beginning of aerial combat.

Total War

A military strategy that involves mobilizing all of a nation's resources and civilian efforts to support the war effort, blurring the lines between combatants and non-combatants; exemplified in WWI

Easter Rebellion

An armed insurrection in 1916 by Irish republicans seeking independence from British rule, leading to significant political repercussions and eventual demands for Irish self-governance.

Home Rule Movement

A political campaign aimed at gaining self-governance for Ireland within the United Kingdom, particularly active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Home Rule Bill

A legislative proposal to grant self-governance to Ireland, advocated in the early 20th century, but faced delays in its implementation due to WWI

Armenian Genocide

The systematic extermination of the Armenian population by the Ottoman Empire during World War I, resulting in the deaths of over a million Armenians.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, and redrawing the map of Europe.

Mandate System

A system established after World War I where territories formerly controlled by defeated powers and the Ottoman Empire were administered by Allied nations under the League of Nations.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States, who led the nation during World War I and advocated for the League of Nations in his idealistic Fourteen Points in the Treaty of Versailles

Fourteen Points

included a provision for the reduction of mass arms among nations, open diplomatic relationships rather than secretive treaties, and the right of self determination among nations

League of Nations

An intergovernmental organization established after World War I aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among countries; US and Russia did not join,

David Lloyd George

the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War I, known for his role in the Paris Peace Conference and for advocating to punish Germany

Georges Clemenceau

the French Prime Minister during World War I, known for his strong leadership and desire to impose heavy reparations on Germany and create a demilitarized zone in the Rhineland after the war.

War Guilt Clause

a provision in the Treaty of Versailles that assigned responsibility for World War I to Germany, requiring it to accept blame and pay reparations.

Land Cessions

territorial losses imposed on Germany and its allies after World War I, specifically outlined in the Treaty of Versailles.

Emile Zola

A prominent French novelist and journalist, known for his role in the literary movement of naturalism and his involvement in the Dreyfus Affair, advocating for justice and truth.

University of Hanoi

A higher education institution in Vietnam, known for its significant role in the education system and contributions to research and scholarship; closed by the French, exacerbating anti-colonial sentiments

Boers

Farmers of Dutch descent in South Africa, involved in conflicts such as the Boer Wars against British imperialism.

The Boxer Rebellion

A nationalist uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, aimed at ending foreign influence and missionary activity, resulted in intervention and massacre by an eight-nation alliance.

Dreadnoughts

A class of battleships introduced in the early 20th century, featuring large caliber guns and heavy armor, which revolutionized naval warfare.

Alliance of Teutonic Peoples

an alliance that Germany wanted to establish with Britain that could, together, defeat the “Latins” of Southern Europe (who he considered inferior)

The Young Turks

A revolutionary group in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, aiming to modernize the Ottoman Empire, promote Turkish nationalism, and implement constitutional reforms; squashed revolts for self-rule in the Balkans

First Balkan War

Conflict from 1912 to 1913 between the Balkan League and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in territorial gains for the Balkan states.

Second Balkan War

Conflict from 1913 to 1914 involving Bulgaria against its former allies Serbia and Greece, leading to territorial losses for Bulgaria.

“Blank Check”

A promise of unconditional support given by Germany to Austria-Hungary, encouraging them to take a hard stance against Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Jean Jaures

French socialist leader and peace activist who was an advocate for workers' rights and opposed World War I. He was assassinated in 1914 while campaigning for peace.

Schlieffen Plan

A military strategy devised by Germany in World War I, aiming to quickly defeat France through a rapid invasion via Belgium before turning to fight Russia.

Otto Dix

A German painter and printmaker known for his vivid and critical depictions of the brutal realities of World War I, influencing the movement of Expressionism.

Emperor Karl

I of Austria, the last Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who reigned during World War I and sought peace negotiations.

Sacred Union

A political strategy during World War I where various political parties and groups in France set aside their differences to support the war effort and promote national unity.

Treaty of Saint-Germaine-en-Laye

A 1919 treaty that formally ended the state of war between the Allied Powers and Austria after World War I, redrawing the map of Central Europe and imposing territorial losses on Austria.