Overview of Viruses, Bacteria, Plants, and Animal Evolution

Methanogen

Releases methane gas

Nucleoid

Region with DNA

Retrovirus

Has RNA genome, protein coat

Plasmid

Circle of non chromosomal DNA

Extreme halophile

Salt lover

Peptidoglycan

Component of bacterial cell wall

Penicillin

Halts cell wall formation

Bacteriophages

Kill their host quickly by a lytic pathway

Gram positive bacteria

Have thicker cell walls than gram negative bacteria

Archaea

Extremophiles meaning they can live in extreme heat, pressure, or salinity

Contractile vacuole

Expels water

Radiolaria and diatoms

Have a shell of silica

Apicomplexans

Some enter and replicate inside human cells

Diatoms

Like plants, have chlorophylls a and b

Fungi

Are heterotrophs

Mushroom

A reproductive structure that releases sexual spores

Mycelium

A mesh of filaments, each called a hypha

Bryophyte

No xylem or phloem

Seedless vascular plant

Has xylem and phloem, but no pollen

Gymnosperm

Has seeds, but no fruit

Angiosperm

Has flowers and fruits

Echinoderms

Spiny skinned deuterostomes

Sponges

No tissues, filters out food

Cnidarians

Stinging cells in tentacles

Flatworms

Simplest organ systems

Roundworms

Complete gut, pseudocoelom

Annelids

Segmented worms

Arthropods

Jointed exoskeleton

Mollusks

Mantle over body mass

Multicelled aquatic

Organisms that consist of multiple cells and live in water.

Nonvascular seed

Plants that do not have vascular tissue and reproduce via seeds.

Seedless vascular

Plants that have vascular tissue but do not produce seeds.

Seed-bearing vascular

Plants that have vascular tissue and reproduce via seeds.

A seed is a(n)

Mature ovule.

A body cavity fully lined with tissue derived from mesoderm is called

Coelum.

Flatworms, annelids, and roundworms are all

Protostomes.

__________ function(s) in the movement of cnidarians.

Cnidocytes.

Earthworms are most closely related to

Leeches.

Which invertebrate phylum includes the most species?

Arthropods.

A slug is a land-dwelling

Gastropod.

A barnacle is a shelled

Crustacean.

__________ include the only winged invertebrates.

Insects.

Jawless fishes

The earliest group of vertebrates.

Jawed fishes

Vertebrates that evolved after jawless fishes.

Amphibians

Tetrapods that are the first to live on land.

Dinosaurs

Extinct reptiles that were dominant during the Mesozoic era.

Birds

Feathered amniotes that evolved from theropod dinosaurs.

Homo sapiens

Evolve in Africa

New world monkeys

Lack a tail

S-shaped backbone

An adaptation to bipedalism.

Spinal cord entry position

Provides evidence about whether a fossil species walked upright.

Oldest known species of Homo

H. habilis.

DNA sequencing of a fossil finger

Revealed the existence of Neanderthals.

Greatest diversity of modern humans

Found among the people of Africa.

Vascular cambium

A lateral meristem.

Mesophyll

Photosynthetic parenchyma.

Wood

Secondary xylem.

Cortex

Ground tissues in roots and stems.

Stomata

Important for gas exchange.

Potato

Only one in monocot seeds.

Fibers in plants

A type of sclerenchyma cell.

Parenchyma

A type of ground tissue.

Root hairs

Increase the root's surface area for absorption.

Tree rings

Occur where environmental conditions influence xylem cell size.

Main sources of hydrogen and oxygen for plants

Soil and air.

Decomposing organic matter in soil

Called humus.

Casparian strip

Forces water and solutes to move through endodermal cells.

Mutually beneficial interaction between root and soil bacteria

Triggers a formation of root nodule.

Water evaporation from plant parts

Called transpiration.

Sugar transport from leaves to roots

Occurs by a pressure gradient inside sieve tubes.

Arrival of pollen grains on a receptive stigma

Called pollination.

Carpel

The part of a flower that contains one or more ovaries in which eggs develop, fertilization occurs, and seeds mature.

Anthers

Structures in flowers that produce male gametophytes.

Carpels

Structures in flowers that produce female gametophytes.

Seeds

Mature ovules.

Fruits

Mature ovaries.

Honeybees

Transfer pollen between flowers.

Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)

Primary effect is population decline of honeybees.

Pesticides

Potential impact includes harming honeybee populations.

Angiosperms

The primary reproductive structure is the flower.

Whorls

The term used to describe the circular arrangement of flower appendages.

Calyx

The outer whorl of sepals in a flower.

Corolla

The inner whorl of petals in flowers.

Filament and anther

The two main components of stamens in flowers.

Sclerenchyma

A type of plant cell characterized by its thick, lignified walls that provides structural support.

Xylem cells

Size is influenced by temperature fluctuations, leading to the formation of tree rings.

Transpiration

The primary process by which water is lost from the leaves of a plant.

Pressure gradient inside sieve tubes

The primary mechanism that facilitates the transport of sugar in plants.

Seeds and fruits

Seeds are the mature ovules, while fruits are the mature ovaries.

Fruit

The primary role is to protect and disperse seeds.

Endosperm

The primary source of nutrients for the embryo in monocot seeds.

Specific environmental conditions

The primary factor that initiates the process of seed germination.

Nutrients

Substances that provide nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.

Seed Dispersal

The process by which seeds are spread away from the parent plant.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

Ovule

The structure in seed plants that develops into a seed after fertilization.

Cotyledons

The first leaves that appear from a germinating seed.

Stigma

The part of a flower's pistil that receives pollen.

Seed Germination

The process by which a seed develops into a new plant.

Imprinting

A form of learning that occurs at a particular life stage and is rapid and independent of the consequences of behavior.