Test 2 ARC 1013

Dead Loads

forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building

Live Loads

forces from all the "movable" elements of a building

Compression

capacity to resist being pushed together

Tension

capacity to resit pulling appart

Post and Beam

Types of construction and Structural Systems

Frame and Masonry

Freedom Tower

David Childs, FACH (SOM) and David Libeskind

Menhirs

single stone standing upright

Dolmen

several stones supporting a stone slab

Henges

circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged

Cromlech

a circle of stones

Stonehenge

-Most famous of Neolithic monuments

-Built 3000-2100 B.C.

Mortise and tenon

Step Pyramid

Bent Pyramid

Straight-Sided Pyramid

Ziggurats

stepped structures

some of the oldest pyramids

2125 B.C.

Built from mud bricks

Pyramids of Giza (Great Pyramids)

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

The Statue of Zeus

Mausoleum of Halicarnassus

The Lighthouse of Alexandria

The Colossus of Rhodes

First Recorded Architect

-Egyptian named Imhotep "the one who comes in peace"

- Born a commoner

-Between 2700 and 2600 Zoser hired Imhotep to design and build his tomb( Stepped Pyramid of Saqqara)

-Imhotep "translated" traditional building materials of mud, wood, and reeds into stone

-Imhotep was an architect, astronomer, magician, and a doctor

Hypostyle Hall

Large space with flat roof supported by rows of columns

Bud Colums

Papyrus

Pyramids in Central America

-used as temples

-often built new temple over the years

Palace at Knossos

1700-1380 BCE

Forerunner to Post and Beam (trabeated system)

Lion's Gate

Colonnade

a series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature and usually one side of a roof structure

Metope

any of the panels, either decorated or plain, between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze

Triglyph

one of the vertical blocks separating the metopes on a Doric frieze

Doric Order

-oldest, simplest, most massive

-columns placed close together, often no bases

-plain capitals

-entablatures have metopes and triglyphys

Ionic Order

-Developed in Ionian Islands

-Characterized as delicate order "female"

-contrasted with "male" doric order

-used for smaller buildings and interiors

-easily recognizable by volutes on capital(based on nautilus shells or animal horns)

Corinthian Order

-variation of ionic order

-same as iconic except a new type of capital

-capital is more ornate-acanthus leaves

-often found on interiors

Entasis

-the slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle

agora

is open meeting place or market

Cella

the principle chamber enclosed part of a classical temple

Elgin Marbles

Lord Elign-purchased marble from turks

British museum - Landon

The Erechtheion Athens

on the Acropolis 421-407BC

Carytids

a sculptured female used as a column

atlas

a sculptured male figured used as a column

Temple of Athena Nike

perfection of Iconic Order

Partheon

Perfection of Doric Order

Greeks

-Made objects in the landscape

-balance

-harmony

-refinement of form not structural innovation

Post and Beam

Roman (Etruscan)

-Conquered the Greeks

-Etruscan brought Classical architecture to Roman Empire

-1/5 of the world was under Roman rule

-Made spaces

-made images in context

-made innovations in construction and technology

-THE ARCH: vault, dome, concrete

Tuscan Order

-unlike doric, supports an entableture with no decoration

-used to create wooden temple with pitches roof

Composite order

-combines ionic volutes with Corinthian acanthus leaves

-Roman innovation

Barrel vault

extending the arch along its depth

Groin Vault

-intersecting two barrel vaults

-opens space in four directions

-used to create huge interiors

-in baths

-gyms

Pont Du Gard

Near Nimes France 20-16 BCE

Maison Carree

Nimes France 10 BCE

Structural Innovation

Concrete

Coliseum in Rome

Pediment

-triangle shape over colonade

Portico

-a colonnaded space forming

Constantine First (A.D 306-337)

-Edict of Milan 313 A.D

-Proclaimed tolerance of all religions

Early Christian Churches

-they were based on timber-roofed basilicas

Basilica Plan

Pendentives

Hagia Sophia

S. Minato al Monte

Pisa Cathedral and Campanile

Gothic Architecture

- structure is also ornament

-pointed arch

apse

-semi-circular projection, containing an altar

transept

-the two arms in a "latin cross" plan

nave

-space beyond the transept crossing toward the west or "front" of the church

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Temple of Luxor

Temple of Amun at Karnak

Egypt Pyramids

tombs for kings

reflective limestone

gold veneer on top

king would walk on sun rays to eternity

sealed the tomb

sculptural object

represent rays of sun