adv biology fall final

what type of biomolecules are enzymes

proteins

catalyst

anything that lowers activation energy

low activation energy

reaction is sped up

cell membrane is made of

phospholipids and proteins

passive transport

high concentractions of solutes to low concentrations of solutes without energy

active transport

low concentrations of solutes to high concentrations of solutes with energy

osmosis

movement of water molecules towards high concentration of solutes and low concentration of water

hypotonic

If water moves into a cell, the solution is...

hypertonic

If water moves out of a cell, the solution is...

endoplasmic reticulum

protein production

golgi body

protein export

lysosome

protein destruction

vacuole

storage

uracil

nitrogen base in RNA pairs with Adenine

primase

primes nitrogen bases

polymerase

builds nitrogen bases onto primers

ligase

seals okazaki fragments together

mRNA

carries genetic info from dna/nucleus to ribosome

rRNA

component of ribosomes that helps catalyze protein synthesis

tRNA

brings amino acids to growing polypeptide in ribosome

s phase

DNA replicated

m phase

cell division occurs

translation in protein synthesis

turns genetic code into amino acid for protein production

transcription in protein synthesis

copies dna sequence onto strand of mRNA

prophase

chromosomes become visible, spindle fibers start to form

metaphase

chromosomes line up along middle of cell

anaphase

chromatids pulled to opposite ends of cell

telophase

chromosomes unwind, spindle fibers break down

cytokinesis

final split of cells

spike proteins

virus structure helps the virus attach to and infect the cell

hydrogen bonds

connect complementary nucleotides

photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

auxins

cause plant to respond to environment

root hairs

increase surface area for water intake

stigma

tip of pistal that catches pollen

ovule

structure that contains the female plant reproductive cells (develops into a seed after fertilization)

sepal

outer covering of flower when in bud

style

tube shaped connection between the stigma and ovule

filament

slender stalk that supports the anther

anther

produces pollen

peduncle

flower stalk

pollen

male gametes

egg

female gametes

xylem

transports water/minerals absorbed by roots

moves roots-shoots

phloem

transports sap throughout stem

hypertonic

higher concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow INTO it

hypotonic

lower concentration of solute than water, so water will flow out of it

osmosis

diffusion of water

endocytosis

cell absorbs

diffusion

molecules move high to low

glycoprotein

carbohydrate chain attached to protein molecule

negative feedback

abnormalities or changes to the internal conditions which stimulate corrective mechanisms

positive feedback

abnormalities or changes to the internal conditions which stimulate an increase in abnormal conditions

isotonic

Concentration of solutes outside the cell equals the concentration inside the cell

concentration gradient

The difference in concentration of the solutions between the outside and inside of a cell.

cellular respiration

breaks down glucose for atp

glucose/carb

c6h12o6

vacuole

holds water/nutrients

power of magnification

objective lens x eyepiece