AMSCO AP World History Modern: Unit 6

penal colony

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

Kangani System

Replaced indentured servitude. Entire families were recruited to work. Their lives were less restricted than indentured servants.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873) and worked to end the illegal slave trade

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Cixi

Conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty.

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

corvee labor

unpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government

Sphere of Influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Suez Canal

A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

Cherokee Nation

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

Philippine Revolution

1899-1902: Rebels in Philippines fought US troops for 3 years trying to achieve independence. US gives them independence after WWII in 1946.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Treaty of Paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.

Zulu Kingdom

A monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family.

De Beers Mining Company

Owned by British Cecil Rhodes, this company controlled up to 90% of the world's diamond production.

Monocultures

lack of agricultural diversity

Pampas

A grasslands region in present day Argentina and Uruguay

economic imperialism

A situation in which foreign business interests have great economic power or influence

Diaspora

Mass emigrations from a country or region that may take place over a period of many years.

Emigrate

to leave one's home country or area to live in another

Porfirio Diaz

Mexican President who promoted immigration as well as development, especially in the northern are bordering the United States

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States

Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act

An attempt to restrict the number of Chinese immigrants from entering the colony of New South Wales

Ethnic Enclaves

Clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Maori

New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Quinine

An agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics.

settler colony

Settler colonialism is a form of colonialism which seeks to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers. As with all forms of colonialism, it is based on exogenous domination, typically organized or supported by an imperial authority.

Ghost Dance

A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.

Sepoys

Indian troops who served in the British army

Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858

Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.

Raj

British rule after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria

Indian National Congress (INC)

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government.

Philippine-American War

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.

Pan-Africanism

the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Pivotal movement that broke the back of the Xhosa and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British. The prophecy was that killing all cattle would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors.

Anglo-Zulu War

War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.(1879)

Jose Rizal

Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for sovereignty from the Spanish

Samory Toure

Led a group of warriors to establish a powerful kingdom in Guinea. He opposed French attempts to annex West Africa.

Xhosa

a Bantu ethnic group from Southern Africa mainly found in the Eastern and Western Cape, South Africa

Guano

Bat and seabird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century

Rubber

a tough elastic polymeric substance made from the latex of a tropical plant or synthetically. They are native to the Amazon Rainforest and Central Africa. Used to produce tires, hoses, shoe sole, ect.

Palm Oil

used in machinery in Europe's factories as lubrication and for candle making. Originated in West Africa.

Diamonds

Highly valued precious stones found in South Africa among other places.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. Joined the diamond rush in Kimberly and formed the De Beers Mining Company. His racist policies in the Cape Colony paved the way for apartheid.

Export Economies

The demand for raw materials that could be processed and turned into manufactured goods turned colonies into these. Their economy is made up of mostly international trade.

Apartheid

Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Spice Islands

Present day Indonesia

Gold Coast

Southern coast of West Africa. It was the largest cocoa producer in the world.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

Opium War

1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese.

Banana Republics

Small Central American countries under the economic power of foreign-based corporations. Politically unstable states with an economy dependent upon the exportation of a limited-resource product.

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners

Indentured Servants

People who worked for a set number of years before becoming free. Used as a way to pay for their transportation to a place with more opportunity or a way to pay off debt.

Contract Laborers

Laborers who were forced or tricked into servitude. They were unskilled workers who were exploited as substitutes for slave labor.

Great Famine

The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple. As many as 3 million people emigrated from Ireland.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Chinese Immigration Act

1855 Limited the number of Chinese who could come ashore from the ship in Australia.

White Australia Policy

A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia

Gold Rush

A period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold. Chinese immigrants first came to America during the height of this.

White Collar

a description characterizing lower-level professional and management workers and some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs

Blue-Collar

member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage

Natal Indian Congress

Founded by Gandhi to expose to the world the rampant discrimination against Indians in South Africa.