Bonding, Structure & The Properties of Matter for Separate Science yr 10

What type of bonding occurs between oppositely charged ions?

Ionic bonding

What type of bonding occurs between atoms which share pairs of electrons?

Covalent bonding

Which type of bonding is found in atoms which share delocalised electrons?

Metallic bonding

Which type of bonding occurs in compounds formed from metals combined with non-metals?

Ionic bonding

Which type of bonding occurs in most non-metallic elements?

Covalent bonding

Which type of bonding occurs in compounds of non-metals?

Covalent bonding

Which type of bonding occurs in alloys?

Metallic bonding

What is transferred in ionic bonding?

Electrons

When a metal atom becomes positively charged what has it lost?

Electrons

What would be the charge of an ion formed from a Group 1 element?

+1

What would be the charge of an ion formed from a Group 2 element?

+2

What would be the charge of an ion formed from a Group 6 element?

2-

What would be the charge of an ion formed from a Group 7 element?

-1

What is an ionic compound?

A giant structure of ions

What holds ionic compounds together?

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Name 2 covalently bonded substances with giant covalent structure

Diamond, Silicon dioxide

Some covalently bonded substances have very large molecules, such as

Polymers

How are the atoms arranged in metals?

In a regular pattern

What are the electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms like?

Delocalised

What does delocalised electrons mean?

Electrons that are free to move around

What are the three states of matter?

Solid, Liquid and Gas

What takes place at the melting point?

Melting and Freezing

What takes place at the boiling point?

Boiling and Condensing

How does the strength of the forces between particles affect the boiling point?

The stronger the forces between the particles the higher the boiling point

What are the limitations of the particle model?

There are no forces
All particles are represented as spheres
The spheres are solid

What is the state symbol for a solid?

(s)

What does the symbol (g) mean?

Gas

What does the symbol (aq) mean?

Aqueous

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

Due to the large amounts of energy needed to break the many strong bonds

Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water?

Because the ions are free to move and so charge can flow

Substances that consist of small molecules are usually

Gases or Liquids

When a substance melts which forces are overcome?

Intermolecular forces

Why do small molecules not conduct electricity?

Because the molecules do not have an overall electric charge

Which are stronger; covalent bonds or intermolecular forces?

Covalent bonds

How are the atoms in polymer molecules linked?

By covalent bonds

Polymers are usually which state at room temperature?

Solids

In pure metals how are the atoms arranged?

In layers

Why are metals often mixed with other metals to make alloys?

To make metals harder as pure metals are too soft for many uses

Why do metals have high melting and boiling points?

Because they have strong metallic bonding

Why are metals good conductors of electricity?

Because they have delocalised electrons to carry electrical charge

Why are metals good conductors of thermal energy?

Because energy is transferred by the delocalised electrons

In diamond how many bonds does each carbon atom form?

4

Why does diamond have a very high melting point?

Lots of strong covalent bonds

In graphite how many bonds does each carbon atom form?

3

In graphite, one electron from each carbon atom is

Delocalised

What are the shapes of the rings in graphite?

Hexagonal rings

What is graphene?

A single layer of graphite

What are fullerenes?

Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes

What was the first fullerene to be discovered?

Buckminsterfullerene

What shape does buckminsterfullerene have?

Spherical

How many carbon atoms are there in buckminsterfullerene?

60

What are carbon nanotubes?

Cylindrical fullerenes

What is the ratio of the length to diameter of carbon nanotubes like?

High

What are carbon nanotubes useful for?

Nanotechnology, Electronics and Materials

What size would nanoscience be referred to as?

1-100nm

What diameters do fine particles have?

100 and 2500 nm (1 x 10-7 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m)

What diameters do coarse particles have?

1 x 10-5 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m

What can coarse particles be referred to as?

Dust

If the side of a cube decreases by a factor of 10, what will happen to the surface area to volume ratio?

Increase by a factor of 10

What can nanoparticles be used for?

medical treatments
cosmetics, deodorants
sunscreens
electronics
catalysts

What results in the different properties?

Tiny size
Large surface area to volume ratio

What are the concerns of the use of nanoparticles?

small size of nanoparticles makes it possible to breathe them in, or for
them to pass into cells and cause harm Unknown long term risks