Understanding Nation and Nationalism in History

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to one's nation.

Patriotism

Love or devotion for one's country.

Nation

Group sharing common culture and language.

State

Political entity with sovereignty over territory.

Sovereignty

Supreme authority within a territory.

Nation-state

State governing a specific nation.

Self-determination

Right of a nation to govern itself.

Imagined Communities

Concept of nations as socially constructed entities.

Constructivist Approach

Nationalism is socially constructed by group identity.

Common bonds

Shared culture, language, and history among people.

Decolonization

Process of nations gaining independence from colonial rule.

Secession

Withdrawal from a state to form a new entity.

Interdependence

Mutual reliance among members of a community.

Community

A group with shared values and rules.

Historical context

Nation's evolution from communities with commonalities.

Racial superiority

Belief in the superiority of one's race.

Ethnic identity

Sense of belonging to a specific ethnic group.

Linguistic unity

Common language as a bond within a nation.

Territory

Defined geographical area governed by a state.

Government

System or group governing an organized community.

Common values

Shared beliefs necessary for societal interaction.

Nation

Imagined political community with limited boundaries.

Print Capitalism

Book publishing driven by capitalist market expansion.

Imagined Community

Community perceived through shared identity, not direct interaction.

Sovereign Nation

Nation with ultimate authority over its territory.

Publishing Boom

Rapid increase in book production from 1500-1550.

Latin Readers

Initial audience for printed works in Latin.

Vernacularization

Adoption of local languages for print and communication.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to Protestant Reformation, promoting Latin.

Humanists

Scholars reviving ancient literature for broader audience.

Language Fixity

Stabilization of language through print media.

Languages of Power

Vernaculars elevated to official administrative languages.

Religious Authority

Latin's dominance in religious contexts without political power.

Print Market Saturation

Point where Latin readership reached its maximum.

Political Legitimacy

Authority derived from Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas.

Monoglot Masses

Population speaking only one language, targeted by publishers.

Protestant Propaganda

Printed materials promoting Protestant beliefs across Europe.

Administrative Centralization

Consolidation of power using specific vernacular languages.

Cultural Fragmentation

Diverse languages reflecting political disunity in Europe.

Print's Permanence

Ability of printed materials to be reproduced indefinitely.

Self-Conscious Language Policies

Awareness of language use for governance and identity.

Imagined Communities

Communities formed through shared narratives and print.

Elastic Boundaries

Nation's limits can expand or contract over time.

Political Nationalism

Emergence of national identities through shared language and culture.

Capitalism

System of production and productive relations.

Print

Technology facilitating communication and information dissemination.

National consciousness

Awareness of shared identity among a nation.

Unified fields of exchange

Integrated systems for trade and communication.

Imagined Community

Concept of collective identity beyond local ties.

Collective Filipino identity

Shared identity among Filipinos transcending local divisions.

Rizal's Reforms

Changes advocated by Rizal for national improvement.

Rizal's Writings

Literary works addressing contemporary and historical issues.

Country love

Patriotic sentiment towards one's nation.

Political policies disruptions

Instability caused by changing government regulations.

Maladministration

Ineffective management leading to injustice.

Racial prejudice

Discrimination based on race or ethnicity.

Forced labor

Compulsory work without fair compensation.

Polo y servicio

Mandatory public service and labor system.

Frailocracy

Rule by friars in colonial governance.

Spanish Cortes

Legislative body of Spanish government.

Ilustrados

Educated Filipinos advocating for reforms.

Economic growth

Rapid increase in economic activity and production.

Philippine exports

Goods like tobacco and sugar traded abroad.

Suez Canal

Waterway reducing travel time to Europe.

Middle-class rise

Emergence of a socio-economic class in society.

Galleon trade

Historical trade route connecting the Philippines and Mexico.

Agricultural land cultivation

Farming practices aimed at producing crops.

European education

Learning opportunities abroad influencing Filipino reformists.

Agricultural unrest

Growing dissatisfaction among farmers over conditions.

Exploitation of tenants

Increased land rentals and taxes burdening farmers.

Land reform

Changes in land ownership to benefit tenants.

Church donations

Gifts from the church to support landless families.

Inheritance

Transfer of land ownership through family succession.

Revolt

Uprisings against oppressive land policies.

Misfortune

Adverse events affecting land ownership and farming.

Pueblo

Township formed from several barangays.

Barangay

Basic political unit in Philippine society.

Visitas

Chapels in distant barangays visited by priests.

Poblacion

Central barangay housing the main church.

Gridiron pattern

Town layout with rectangular blocks and central plaza.

Industrial powers

Countries driving demand for Philippine agricultural products.

Commercial agriculture

Farming focused on producing goods for trade.

Principalia

Wealthy elite class in the Philippines.

Inquilino

Tenant renting land for agriculture or livestock.

Chinese Mestizo

Mixed heritage individuals rising in economic status.

Manila-China trade

Exchange of goods between Manila and China.

Ecclesiastical establishments

Church-controlled lands under Spanish rule.

Monastic haciendas

Large church-owned estates dominating land tenure.

Hacienda de Calamba

Jesuit-owned estate significant in agrarian history.

Spanish colonial political system

Hierarchical governance structure established by Spain.

Hacienda de Calamba

Dominican-owned estate in the Tagalog region.

Dominicans

Largest landlords in the Tagalog region during 19th century.

Municipio

Municipal center that became trade hubs.

Chinese Mestizos

Wealthy leaseholders in colonial agricultural economy.

Sharecropping

Arrangement where subtenants share produce with landowners.

Export Economy

Economic growth driven by Western industrial revolution.

Multiethnic Middle Class

Emergence of diverse, educated colonial society members.

Recollects

Managed infrastructure while Dominicans profited from land.

Kasama

Production partner in sharecropping agreements.

New Princapales

Wealthy individuals deepening economic and cultural participation.