MC 1-CHAPTER 1-3

Anatomy

Concerned with the bodily structure of humans and animals, studying body parts, their structure, shape, and relationships.

Physiology

Deals with normal functions of living organisms and their parts, focusing on processes and functions of living things.

Levels of Structural Organization

Ranges from chemical level (atoms and molecules) to organism level (living things composed of organ systems).

Organ Systems

Groups of organs with related functions, including systems like Skeletal, Muscular, Respiratory, and Digestive.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a constant internal environment, crucial for survival and disrupted by diseases.

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Regulates body systems to maintain homeostasis through components like receptors and effectors.

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Amplifies deviations from normal values, potentially leading away from homeostasis.

Anatomic Position

Standing erect, face forward, with palms facing forward, used as a reference for body positions.

Directional Terms

Describe body parts relative to each other, such as anterior (front) and posterior (back).

Body Cavities

Thoracic, Abdominal, and Pelvic cavities protect internal organs and are lined by serous membranes.

Serous Membranes

Cover and line trunk cavities and organs, reducing friction between them.

Prokaryotes

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, contrasting with eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including structures like the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria.

Cell Membrane

Encloses cytoplasm, composed of phospholipids and proteins, regulating movement of substances.

Diffusion

Process where ions and molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.

Hypotonic Solution

Has low solute concentration, causing water to move into cells, potentially leading to swelling.

Hypertonic Solution

Has high solute concentration, causing water to move out of cells, potentially leading to shrinking.

Mitosis

Process of cell division resulting in two identical diploid cells, maintaining the same chromosome number.

Meiosis

Process of cell division resulting in four non-identical haploid gametes, essential for sexual reproduction.