F22 1

If the equilibrium constant (Keq) is greater than 1, which direction will the reaction proceed?
----------------------------------
Not enough information is given to determine the direction of reaction.

neither direction

Spontaneously to products

Spontaneously to reactants

Spontaneously to products

What chemical process is able to take place in the presence of solar energy?
----------------------------------
hydrolysis

Photosynthesis

anaerobic respiration

hydrogenation

Photosynthesis

Which of the following best defines the first law of thermodynamics?
----------------------------------
Total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

There is no entropy at zero Kelvin.

Entropy is a measure of disorder.

All spontaneous processes in the universe tend toward dispersal of energy.

Total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

The example of water freezing into ice is an example of _______________.
----------------------------------
Decrease in entropy of the system.

An increase in entropy of the system

A decrease in the entropy of the surroundings.

No change in the entropy of the system.

Decrease in entropy of the system.

R is the highly active form of an allosteric enzyme and T is the less active form of enzyme. What would happen to [T]/[R] if substrate concentration is decreased?

Increases

Which two functional groups are involved in producing a peptide bond?
----------------------------------
Amino and carboxyl

Alcohol and amino

Methyl and amino

Amino and thiol

Amino and carboxyl

If the Gibbs free energy change value for a reaction is less than zero, this reaction is _____.
----------------------------------
Exergonic

Endothermic

Exothermic

Endergonic

Exergonic

What is the maximum number of covalent bonds a carbon atom can make?
----------------------------------
8

6

2

4

4

In a hydrogen bond between a water molecule and another water molecule _______.
----------------------------------
The hydrogen bond typically forms between the oxygen atom of the water and the hydrogen on the other water.

A hydrogen on the water molecule forms a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom on the other water.

A hydrogen ion on the water molecule forms an ionic bond with the oxygen ion on the other water.

The hydrogen atom forms an ionic bond with a carbon on the other water.

The hydrogen bond typically forms between the oxygen atom of the water and the hydrogen on the other water.

Select the TWO true statements from the list below regarding the structure and function of enzymes.
Enzyme cofactors can increase the chemical functionality of enzymes, which are otherwise limited by the R groups of amino acids.
----------------------------------

The substrate can be predicted by simply knowing the structure of the unoccupied enzyme active site, similar to a key fitting a lock.

All proteins are not enzymes but all enzymes are proteins.

Enzymes decrease the equilibrium constant of biochemical reactions and increase the rates of reactions from years to minutes.

Enzyme cofactors can increase the chemical functionality of enzymes, which are otherwise limited by the R groups of amino acids.

Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions without changing the equilibrium constant.

Enzyme cofactors can increase the chemical functionality of enzymes, which are otherwise limited by the R groups of amino acids.

Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions without changing the equilibrium constant.

Which of the following is the correct formula for glucose?
----------------------------------

C6H12O6

C5H10O5

C6H10O6

C5H12O6

C6H12O6

The O2 generated from photosynthesis is derived from?
----------------------------------
CO2 reduction to glycerate-3-phosphate

Water molecules that directly reduce PSI*

Water molecules that directly reduce PSII*.

CO2 reduction to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Water molecules that directly reduce PSII*.

In the figure below, which state of matter has the highest entropy?

----------------------------------
Gas phase

Solid phase

Liquid phase

All are equal entropy

Gas phase

An example of experimental biochemistry is trying an experiment and ____________ ________________ _______________

optimizing experimental design

The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its structure. Which of the following statements is true?

Two proteins with nearly identical amino acid sequences should have very similar protein structures.

The study of biochemistry attempts to explain_________________.
----------------------------------
The nature of life

Biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels

Physical processes at the macromolecular level

Chemical processes at the atomic level

Biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels

Which statement below most accurately describes catabolic and anabolic pathways?
----------------------------------

Both types of pathways require ATP to facilitate metabolic flux.

Both types of pathways require redox reactions to facilitate metabolic flux.

Catabolic pathways synthesize new molecules and anabolic pathways degrade molecules.

Catabolic pathways degrade molecules and anabolic pathways synthesize new molecules.

Catabolic pathways degrade molecules and anabolic pathways synthesize new molecules.

Amino acids are the building blocks for which biomolecules?
----------------------------------
Proteins

Carbohydrates

Micelles

Nucleic acids

Proteins

Choose the ONE true statement referring to the following coupled reactions:
----------------------------------
The net reaction of A→D is unfavorable because the DG°' value is less than 0.

Rxn1 is a favorable reaction and will proceed in cells even if cellular concentrations of reactants and products change.

Rxn2 (B↔C) is unfavorable in the forward direction on its own, but if coupled to Rxn3 (C↔D), the overall conversion of B to D will occur.

For Rxn2, if the DG°' value changes to +9 kJ/mol, the rate of the overall reaction A↔D will decrease.

Rxn2 (B↔C) is unfavorable in the forward direction on its own, but if coupled to Rxn3 (C↔D), the overall conversion of B to D will occur.

Hydrogen bonds form between hydrogen and _______________ or hydrogen and ______________.
----------------------------------
nitrogen, hydrogen.

oxygen, nitrogen

hydrogen, oxygen

carbon, nitrogen

oxygen, nitrogen

As a protein folds, what are the stabilizing forces that help keep the protein from spontaneously unfolding?
----------------------------------
Hydrophilic amino acids in the interior and hydrophobic amino acids on the exterior.

A favorable change in free energy between the unfolded and folded states.

Hydrophobic amino acids in the interior and hydrophilic amino acids on the exterior.

Hydrophobic amino acids in the interior and hydrophilic amino acids on the exterior.

Energy conversion in living systems is required for what three types of work?
----------------------------------
Osmotic work, chemical work, potential work

Osmotic work, chemical work, mechanical work

Kinetic work, chemical work, mechanical work

Osmotic work, photosynthetic work, mechanical work

Osmotic work, chemical work, mechanical work

In the following series of reactions, what is the shared intermediate?
----------------------------------
ATP

glucose-6-P

fructose-1,6-P

fructose-6-P

fructose-6-P

Binding of glucose to hexokinase causes a conformational change in the enzyme. This is an example of the __________ model of enzyme catalysis.
----------------------------------
Glove and hand

induced fit

Substrate induced

Lock and key

induced fit

As shown below, some metabolic pathways use enzymes that are localized in membranes to facilitate reaction rates. Shared intermediates are used so effectively in these types of coupled reactions because they ________________.
----------------------------------
increase rates of product diffusion out of the active site.

Allow products to diffuse through membrane to increase concentration

Facilitate products being used as reactants without diffusing away

Decrease the value of the mass action ratio Q

Increase the value of delta G

Facilitate products being used as reactants without diffusing away

In the five steps used by photosynthetic organisms to convert solar energy into chemical energy, which molecules store the solar energy before sugar synthesis?
----------------------------------
ATP and NADPH

Chlorophylls

NADH and FADH2

O2 and H20

ATP and NADPH

Experimental evidence based on measuring bond energies between DNA strands using all combinations of G, C, A, and T stacked bases demonstrates that the DNA double helix is stabilized by noncovalent interactions between nucleotides owing to __________ .
----------------------------------
Pi-pi stacking

Hydrogen bonds

Sigma bonds

Ionic interactions

Pi-pi stacking

How can an energetically unfavorable reaction occur in a metabolic pathway?
----------------------------------
Increase the temperature inside the cell to make it a favorable reaction.

Link it to an energetically favorable reaction.

Energetically unfavorable reactions cannot occur in metabolic pathways.

Link it to another energetically unfavorable reaction NADPH + 3 ATP

3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 9 ATP + 6 H2O -> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 9 Pi

O2 + 2 NADPH + 3 ATP -> H2O + 2

NADP+ + 3 ADP + 3 Pi

O2 + 8 photons + NADP+ + 3 ATP-> 2 H2O + NADP+ + 3 ADP + 3 Pi

Link it to an energetically favorable reaction.;

NADPH + 3 ATP

A hydrogen bond can best be described as a ________________.
----------------------------------
Strong ionic interaction.

Weak covalent interaction.

Strong covalent interaction.

Weak noncovalent interaction.

Weak noncovalent interaction.

2-phosphoglycerate(2PG) is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by the enzyme enolase. The standard free energy change(delta Go') for this reaction is +1.7 kJ/mol. If the cellular concentrations are 2PG = 0.5 mM and PEP = 0.1 mM, what is the free energy change at 37 oC for the reaction 2PG ← → PEP?
----------------------------------
-2.4 kJ/mol

+2.4 kJ/mol

-4146.4 kJ/mol

5.8 kJ/mol

-5.8 kJ/mol

-2.4 kJ/mol

The function of chloroplasts in plant cells is to convert ____________________.
----------------------------------
Heat energy to chemical energy.

Chemical energy to heat energy.

Heat energy to light energy

Light energy to chemical energy.

Light energy to chemical energy.

The enzyme in the photosynthetic Z scheme that catalyzes the PQ cycle, which is analogous to Complex III and the Q cycle in the transport chain, is
----------------------------------

Plastocyanin

photosystem II

cytochrome b6f

photosystem I

cytochrome b6f

Approximately how many ATP are synthesized per O2 molecule generated in photosynthesis light reactions?
----------------------------------
4

12

8

3

3

C4 plants are thought to be more efficient than C3 plants because they________________.
----------------------------------
make larger sugar molecules from CO2.

can live in dry climates.

can concentrate the CO2 in chloroplasts and therefore minimize side reactions with O2.

can produce sugar molecules at night in addition to during the day.

can concentrate the CO2 in chloroplasts and therefore minimize side reactions with O2.

Some Calvin Cycle enzymes contain disulfide bonds that must be reduced through a mechanism involving thioredoxin in order for the enzyme to be active in sunlight. What is the name of the key regulatory protein that inactivates these same Calvin Cycle enzymes by oxidation when the sun goes down?
----------------------------------

Thioredoxin has multiple light-sensing properties and when the sun goes down it turns into a strong oxidant.

Sunlight is a reducing energy and moonlight is an oxidizing energy, so when the moon comes out at night, the Calvin Cycle enzymes are oxidized spontaneously.

There is no regulatory protein that oxidizes these Calvin Cycle enzymes; oxidation is spontaneous.

Thioredoxin requires sunlight for proper folding into its functional three dimensional structure, so in the absence of light, it is unfolded and cannot reduce these enzymes.

There is no regulatory protein that oxidizes these Calvin Cycle enzymes; oxidation is spontaneous.

Chlorophyll absorbs____________________.
----------------------------------
all wavelengths of light.

heat energy and reach an excited state.

photon energy and becomes excited or oxidized.

an electron during photon excitation.

photon energy and becomes excited or oxidized.

The following picture is an example of what phenomenon?
----------------------------------
Photoexcitation

Resonance energy transfer

Fluorescence

Electron transfer

Resonance energy transfer

Where do electrons come from to reduce the oxidized P700+ state in PSI?
----------------------------------
Platoquinone

O2

Plastocyanin

Plastoqui/nol

NADPH

H2O

Plastocyanin

The Biosphere 2 project, in Tucson, Arizona, was an experiment involving a large sealed terrarium with humans and photosynthetic plants living in balance. Why did the project have to be interrupted after only a few months?
----------------------------------
Levels of CO2 rose to dangerous levels.

The humans ran out of food.

The rate of photosynthesis was too high.

The plants stopped producing oxygen.

Levels of CO2 rose to dangerous levels.

The primary difference between ATP synthesis during the photosynthetic light reactions and ATP synthesis in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is the
----------------------------------
Cellular location of the proton motive force.

Number of NADPH required to produce ATP.

Enzyme catalyzing the ATP synthesis.

Number of ATP produced per 360° rotation of the F1 subunit of ATP synthase.

Cellular location of the proton motive force.

Put the following steps in photosynthesis in the correct order to generate 2 NADPH and 3 ATP following the absorption of 8 photons and return of 12 H+ from the thylakoid space to the stroma.

The sun comes up.

PSII absorbs 4 photons leading to photooxidation of 4 chlorophyll molecules and oxidation of 2 H2O to replace the 4 e- in chlorophyll and release 4 H+ into the thylakoid lumen.

Oxidation of pheophytin initiates a series of redox reactions culminating in the reduction of 4 plastocyanin and translocation of 8 H+ across the thylakoid membrane.

PSI absorbs 4 photons leading to the photooxidation of 4 plastocyanin an initiation of a series of redox reactions culminating in the reduction of 2 NADP+ to yield 2 NADPH.

A total of 12 H+ enter the chloroplast ATP synthase to generate 3 ATP when they return to the stroma and induce conformational changes in the head piece of the complex.

What group in photosystem II (PSII) directly reacts with H2O during its light-driven oxidation?
----------------------------------
Tyrosine

Pheophytin

P680

Oxygen evolving center

Oxygen evolving center

Overall, the net balanced reaction of the Calvin cycle converts 3 CO2 into one
----------------------------------
acetyl-CoA.

Ribulose-5-phosphate.

Glucose.

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

The five-step mechanism of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)_________________.
----------------------------------
adds a CO2 molecule to a C5 ribulose sugar, yielding an unstable C6 molecule that cleaves into two C3 molecules.

involves the incorporation of 3 CO2 molecules to yield one 3-phosphoglycerate molecule.

involves C1, C3, C4, C5, and C6 molecules in the enzyme mechanism intermediates.

is an overall thermodynamically unstable reaction.

adds a CO2 molecule to a C5 ribulose sugar, yielding an unstable C6 molecule that cleaves into two C3 molecules.

Paraquat is an effective herbicide that kills plants by disrupting the photosynthetic electron transport system. Why then was the spraying of marijuana fields with paraquat discontinued in the 1980s?
----------------------------------

It was discontinued because paraquat contaminated marijuana which was being imported into the US and was thought to cause lung damage

It was known at the time that marijuana was resistant to paraquat so it was a waste of money

It was stopped because the governments of the countries involved could not decide who should pay for it.

It was discovered that aerial spraying of paraquat is very dangerous to livestock and should never be used for crop management because it inhibits PSI in cows.

It was discontinued because paraquat contaminated marijuana which was being imported into the US and was thought to cause lung damage

Resonance energy transfer from one chlorophyll in the photosystems results in______________.
----------------------------------
a neighboring chlorophyll in an excited state.

The release of a photon

heat release

a reduced neighboring pheophytin molecule

a neighboring chlorophyll in an excited state.

The Chloroplast contains a highly folded membrane called the _______.
----------------------------------
Lumen

Matrix

Inner membrane

thylakoid

thylakoid

Which is a way that light controls the Calvin cycle activity?

reduced ferredoxin from the light reactions keeps thioredoxin reduced, which keeps calvin cycle enzyme in an active form

The three stages of the Calvin cycle are__________________.

(1) fix CO2, (2) use NADPH and ATP, and (3) regenerate the starting C5molecule.

When NADPH/NADP+ ratios are high in chloroplasts, photophosphorylation via the cyclic e- pathway predominates. Select the ONE statement below that best describes the consequences of the shift to this pathway.
----------------------------------
O2 evolution decreases, and NADPH formation increases

O2 evolution is unchanged, and NADPH formation decreases.

O2 evolution increases, and NADPH formation decreases

O2 evolution is unchanged, and NADPH formation increases.

O2 evolution decreases and NADPH formation decreases.

O2 evolution decreases and NADPH formation decreases.

Which statement regarding CAM plants is true?
----------------------------------
They are more efficient than C4 plants

They absorb CO2 at night and release it to the Calvin cycle during the day

They use one cell type to absorb and store CO2 before utilizing it in the Calvin Cycle in another cell type

They store CO2 in 3-phosphoglycerate before releasing it to the Calvin cycle

They absorb CO2 at night and release it to the Calvin cycle during the day

Under what condition(s) do the wasteful side reactions of O2 with rubisco become significant?
----------------------------------
At night

Increased temperature and intense light

Increased rubisco concentrations

Higher levels of CO2 than O2

Increased temperature and intense light

During photophosphorylation, the protons are pumped into the _________, and the ATP is made in the ________
----------------------------------
Stroma; thylakoid lumen

Cytoplasm; stroma

Thylakoid lumen; stroma

Thylakoid lumen; cytoplasm

Thylakoid lumen; stroma

Electrons from plastocyanin are passed on to _______
----------------------------------
Cytochrome b6f

O2

P680+

P700+

P700+

Why is referring to the Calvin cycle reactions as the dark reactions a misnomer
----------------------------------
They require an active photosynthetic system in the light, so are not the "dark reactions" in everyday biochemistry

They occur primarily at night

They do not absorb sunlight energy

They require an active photosynthetic system in the light, so are not the "dark reactions" in everyday biochemistry

Heme and chlorophyll have similar overall structures. What is common between the two molecules?
----------------------------------
Color

Hydrophobic tail

Metal ion found at their center

Polycyclic planar structure

Polycyclic planar structure

The photosynthetic Z scheme describes the
----------------------------------
oxidation of H2O and production of ATP and NADPH

movement of electrons driven by the reflection of light energy.

production of CO2.

oxidation of NADPH.

synthesis of glucose from CO2.

oxidation of H2O and production of ATP and NADPH

Under what conditions does cyclic photophosphorylation take place?
----------------------------------
With high levels of ATP

With high levels of NADH

With an inactivated photosystem I

With low levels of ATP

in an acidic stroma

With low levels of ATP

The O2 generated from photosynthesis is derived from
----------------------------------
water molecules that directly reduce PSII*.

CO2 reduction to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

water molecules that directly reduce PSI*.

CO2 reduction to glycerate-3-phosphate.

water molecules that directly reduce PSII*.

The term greenhouse effect refers to the idea that _____.
----------------------------------
Tropical rainforests are gradually being eliminated

The temperature of the earth is increasing because of heat trapped by gases such as CO2.

The capacity of the earth's plant matter to store CO2 is increasing.

The global production of plant matter is increasing.

The temperature of the earth is increasing because of heat trapped by gases such as CO2.

Choose the one statement below that most accurately describes the biochemical basis for the emergence of MRSA infections.
----------------------------------
A variant transpeptidase enzyme in Staph aureus that does not bind methicillin.

Penicillin and methicillin are structurally similar, which causes antibiotic resistance.

Staph aureus express high levels of beta-lactamase.

Staph aureus exports methicillin faster than it can inhibit the transpeptidase.

A variant transpeptidase enzyme in Staph aureus that does not bind methicillin.

If one homozygous parent expresses the GTA glycosyltransferase and the other homozygous parent expresses the GTB glycosyltransferase, what is the probability of a child with a blood type of AB?
----------------------------------
25%

75%

0%

100%

100%

If one heterozygous parent expresses the GTA glycosyltransferase and the other heterozygous parent expresses the GTB glycosyltransferase, what is the probability of a child with a blood type of O?
----------------------------------
0%

25%

75%

100%

25%

Penicillin kills bacteria by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the cell wall. How does penicillin cause the inhibition?
----------------------------------
The carbonyl carbon of the b-lactam ring of penicillin binds to transpeptidase.

The b-lactam ring in penicillin is hydrolyzed.

The glycine in transpeptidase binds to penicillin.

The transpeptidase of the bacteria binds to methicillin.

The carbonyl carbon of the b-lactam ring of penicillin binds to transpeptidase.

Maximal activity of pyruvate carboxylase depends on which of the following substances? Choose the FOUR that apply.
----------------------------------
Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate
Biotin
Bicarbonate [HCO3-]
Thiamine pyrophosphate
GTP
Acetyl-Coenzyme A

Pyruvate
Biotin
Bicarbonate [HCO3-]
Acetyl-Coenzyme A

Which glucose homopolymer would be used if a person had to sprint quickly?
----------------------------------
Starch
Galactose
Glycogen
Sucrose

Glycogen

Which FOUR statements below best describe differences between the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways.
----------------------------------
Gluconeogenesis is only found in liver and kidney cells, whereas glycolysis is only found in liver and pancreatic cells.

Glycolytic enzymes are all found in the cytosol, whereas gluconeogenic enzymes are found in the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix.

Insulin stimulates flux through the glycolytic pathway, whereas glucagon stimulates flux through the gluconeogenic pathway.

Citrate inhibits glycolysis but activates gluconeogenesis, whereas F-1,6-BP activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Flux through glycolysis is activated by low energy charge in the cell, whereas flux through the gluconeogenic pathway is inhibited by high energy charge in the cell.

Insulin inhibits flux through the gluconeogenic pathway, whereas glucagon inhibits flux through the glycolytic pathway.

Three of the enzymes in glycolysis are reciprocally regulated by allosteric effectors that convert them into gluconeogenic enzymes, i.e., PFK-1 becomes PFK-2 and FBPase-1 becomes FBPase-2. This is not true of any enzymes in the gluconeogenic pathway.

Gluconeogenesis generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, whereas glycolysis generates pyruvate from glucose.

Glycolytic enzymes are all found in the cytosol, whereas gluconeogenic enzymes are found in the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix.

Insulin stimulates flux through the glycolytic pathway, whereas glucagon stimulates flux through the gluconeogenic pathway.

Insulin inhibits flux through the gluconeogenic pathway, whereas glucagon inhibits flux through the glycolytic pathway.

Gluconeogenesis generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, whereas glycolysis generates pyruvate from glucose.

Which enzyme does penicillin target in bacteria?
----------------------------------
Beta-lactamase
Peptidase
Transpeptidase
Alpha-galactosidase

Transpeptidase

Glycoconjugates are linked to proteins or lipids via________________.

Question options:
ionic bonds.
London forces.
covalent bonds.
hydrogen bonds.

covalent bonds.

What type of antibody or antibodies is/are found in the plasma of a person with type O blood?

Question options:
both anti-A and anti-B
anti-A
anti-B
neither anti-A or anti-B

both anti-A and anti-B

Both methicillin and penicillin are unable to inhibit ______________.

Options:
alpha-galactosidase
Beta-lactmase
a variant transpeptidase
trasnpeptidase and beta-lactamase

a variant transpeptidase

Insulin activateds phosphofructokinase 2. This leads to a(n) _________________ in concentration of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate, which favors the _________________ pathway.

increase; glycolysis

How would individuals with decreased levels of the pentose phosphate enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase respond to oxidative stress?

Question options:
They would rapidly neutralize cellular levels of H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species.

Higher than normal levels of NADPH would accumulate.

They would compensate with higher than normal levels of pentose phosphate pathway activity.

They would not have the ability to regenerate reduced glutathione as rapidly.

They would not have the ability to regenerate reduced glutathione as rapidly.

Which glycan is a major component of plant cell walls?

Options:
Cellulose
Glycogen
Chitin
Starch

cellulose

The image below shows a(n) _______ glycosidic bond.

Beta-1, 4-
Beta-1, 6-
Alpha-1, 4-
Alpha-1, 6-

Beta-1, 4-

The image below shows a(n) __________ glycosidic bond.

Alpha-1, 6-
Beta-1, 4-
Beta-1, 6-
Alpha-1, 4-

Beta-1, 4-

Gluconeogenesis is favored when citrate levels are __________, when AMP levels are __________, and when ATP levels are __________.

high;low;high
Low;high;low
High; high; low
Low; low; high

high;low;high

Which enzyme is produced by penicillin-resistant bacteria?

Alpha-galactosidase
Peptidase
Transpeptidase
Beta-lactamase

Beta-lactamase

what is the product of cellulose cleavage by cellulase?

Cellotetraose
Pectin
Hemicellulose
Glucose

Cellotetraose

What molecule activates the pentose phosphate pathway?

ADP (inhibitor)
NADH (product)
NADP+ (reactant)
Ribulose-5-phosphate (by-product)

NADP+ (reactant)

What type of antibody or antibodies is/are found in the plasma of a person with type B blood?

anti-B
Both anti-A and anti-B
anti-A
Neither anti-A or anti-B

anti-A

What type of antigen(s) is/are expressed on the red blood cell of a person with type A blood?

Neither antigen A or antigen B
Antigen A
Both antigen A and antigen B
Antigen B

Antigen A

Insulin activates phosphofructokinase 2 (2PFK2). This leads to a(n) _____ in concentration of fructose 2, 6 bisphosphate, which favors the _____ pathway.

Increase; gluconeogenesis
Decrease; glycolysis
Decrease; gluconeogenesis
Increase; glycolysis

Increase; glycolysis

The following figure shows the cellular processes that synthesize, secrete, and recognize glycoconjugates in eukaryotic cells. Identify the cellular structure where glycosyltransferase enzymes function.

4
3
2
1

2

Which enzyme below is required in the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway allows to convert ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate?

Hydrolase
Kinase
Transketolase
Isomerase

Transketolase

Which of the following oligosaccharides are found in high abundance in some types of vegetables and have been known to cause intestinal distress?

Amylose
lacto-N-tetraose
Amylopectin
Verbascose

Verbascose

What is an advantage of using methicillin compared with penicillin?
_________________________________________

Methicillin does not bind transpeptidase.

Penicillin does not bind transpeptidase as well as methicillin.

Penicillin is susceptible to inactivation by mutant transpeptidase enzymes.

Methicillin is resistant to beta-lactamase activity.

Methicillin is resistant to beta-lactamase activity.

Gluconeogenesis is favored when citrate levels are _____________, when AMP levels are __________, and when ATP levels are _____________.

high; low; high

Select the THREE statements below that accurately describe the difference between the oxidative phase and nonoxidative phase of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
----------------------------------

The nonoxidative phase is dependent on glutathione reductase, however the oxidative phase is dependent on glucose-6P dehydrogenase

The nonoxidative phase interconverts C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7 sugars with no change in total carbons, whereas in the oxidative phase the conversion of G6P to ribulose-5P leads to a loss of a carbon as carbon dioxide.

The nonoxidative phase is responsible for regenerating ribulose-5P, whereas the oxidative phase is responsible for generating NADPH

The oxidative phase generates 2 NADPH for each G6P that is converted to ribulose-5P whereas the nonoxidative phase generates 5 glucose-6P for every 6 ribulose-5 P that are metabolized in the oxidative phase.

The nonoxidative phase produces ribulose 5P for nucleotide synthesis and the oxidative phase generates NADPH for biosynthetic reactions in the cell

The oxidative phase requires the enzyme G6P-dehydrogenase and the nonoxidative phase requires the enzyme transketolase.

The nonoxidative phase interconverts C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7 sugars with no change in total carbons, whereas in the oxidative phase the conversion of G6P to ribulose-5P leads to a loss of a carbon as carbon dioxide.

The oxidative phase generates 2 NADPH for each G6P that is converted to ribulose-5P whereas the nonoxidative phase generates 5 glucose-6P for every 6 ribulose-5 P that are metabolized in the oxidative phase.

The oxidative phase requires the enzyme G6P-dehydrogenase and the nonoxidative phase requires the enzyme transketolase.

Glycoconjugates are linked to proteins or lipids via ______________

covalent bonds

Which glycan contains a covalently linked dimeric protein that functions as a protein anchor?

glycogen

Which correctly describes the role of the transport system shown below?

It provides a source of NADH for gluconeogenesis via malate transport.

The products of the oxidative portion of the pentose phosphate pathway are carbon dioxide and_____________________.-

2 NADH + 1 hexose phosphate.
2 NADPH + 1 pentose phosphate.
2 NADPH + 1 hexose phosphate.
2 NADP+ + 1 pentose phosphate.
both anti-A and anti-B

2 NADPH + 1 pentose phosphate.

The product Beano contains ____ which helps humans digest raffinose-series oligosaccharides.

B-galactosidase
Lactase
A-galactosidase
Amylase

A-galactosidase

Which enzyme is produced by penicillin-resistant bacteria?

transpeptidase
alpha-galactosidase
beta-lactamase
peptidase

beta-lactamase

The difference between an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction is that oxidation is the ______ and reduction is the _____.

Loss of protons; gain of protons
Gain of protons; loss of electrons
Loss of electrons; gain of electrons
Gain of electrons; loss of electrons

Loss of electrons; gain of electrons

If the Gibbs free energy change value for a reaction is less than zero, this reaction is _____.

Endergonic
Exothermic
Exergonic
endothermic

Exergonic

Is the net reaction favorable for the following series of coupled reactions and what supports that conclusion?

Yes, ΔG°' > 0
Yes, ΔG°' < 0
No, ΔG°' > 0
No, ΔG°' < 0

Yes, ΔG°' < 0

Flux is defined as the rate at which __________is/are interconverted.

Enzymes
Energy
Metabolites
Sugar

Metabolites

Enzyme active sites ___________.

Can only bind a single substrate at a time
Are nonspecific with regard to substrate binding
Always exclude water in catalyzed reactions
Are characterized as a pocket or cleft

Are characterized as a pocket or cleft