Chapter 2 Contemporary Clinical Psychology

1. Hunsley, Ronson & Cohen's (2013) survey of Canadian psychologists revealed that the largest percentage of professional time was spent on:

a. assessment activities.

b. research.

c. training.

d. intervention.

D

2. Surveys of clinical psychologists in Canada by Hunsley, Ronson and Cohen (2013) and in the USA by Norcross and Karpiak (2012) revealed that:

a. the majority of psychologists specialize in one major professional activity.

b. almost half of them report devoting time to research, but it is a small proportion of their professional time.

c. the majority of clinical psychologists spend at least part of their work week teaching.

d. clinical supervision is undervalued by clinical psychologists.

B

3. Survey data from Norcross and Karpiak (2012) and Hunsley, Ronson and Cohen (2013) indicate that

a. most clinical psychologists offer psychotherapy, and devote over 80% of their professional time to this activity.

b. the majority of clinical psychologists offer psychotherapy, and devote over 40% of their professional time to this activity.

c. approximately half of clinical psychologists do not offer psychotherapy, instead electing to focus upon research, teaching, and/or consultation.

d. the majority of clinical psychologists who do offer psychotherapy are only able to devote approximately 20% of their time to this activity.

B

4. The assessment activities of clinical psychologists most commonly involve evaluating

a. the psychological functioning of an individual or a relationship.

b. the cognitive functioning of an individual.

c. the negative or antisocial inclinations of an individual.

d. the psychological functioning of youth both at school and in the community.

A

5. The primary goal shared by all assessments conducted by clinical psychologists is in

a. establishing whether behaviour or symptoms meet criteria for a disorder.

b. ascertaining eligibility for a particular service.

c. determining suitability for a particular form of psychotherapy.

d. understanding a person's current level of psychosocial functioning.

D

6. Canadian clinical psychologists most frequently provide

a. individual therapy.

b. marital/couples therapy.

c. therapy to children and adolescents.

d. group therapy.

A

7. Arguments in favour of psychologists having prescription privileges include:

a. Underserved segments of the population such as those in rural areas and the elderly could benefit from extension of prescription privileges to psychologists.

b. Most psychoactive medications are prescribed by general practitioners whose training in mental health is limited to a few weeks.

c. Given brain-behaviour links, a biological approach to the treatment of psychological disorders is not incompatible with psychological training.

d. All of the above.

D

8. Arguments against psychologists' having prescription privileges state that:

a. extending psychologists' training to include psychopharmacology would most likely come at the expense of the quality of training in psychological issues.

b. full medical training would be necessary to understand the impact of psychoactive medication on other physical systems.

c. the population would be better served by increasing the numbers of available psychiatrists, rather than extending prescription privileges to psychologists,.

d. although increasing the number of practitioners who can prescribe could decrease healthcare costs, doctoral training in psychology would become too lengthy.

A

9. The majority of people who receive psychotherapy

a. attend for fewer than 10 sessions.

b. attend for approximately 10 to 20 sessions.

c. attend for approximately 20 sessions or more.

d. attend for several years.

A

10. Surveys of clinical psychologists and graduate students in clinical psychology indicate that ___________ treatment is currently the most popular treatment technique with clinical psychologists in North America.

a. psychodynamic

b. cognitive-behavioural

c. experiential

d. interpersonal

B

11. Prevention efforts are usually based in:

a. community settings

b. institutional settings

c. private clinical psychology practices

d. all of the above

A

12. Prevention activities are typically designed to

a. reduce risk factors.

b. enhance protective factors.

c. neither of the above.

d. both A and B.

D

13. Prevention efforts by psychologists are usually based in

a. hospitals.

b. private clinical practices.

c. community settings.

d. forensic settings.

C

14. Clinical consultation refers to providing information, advice, and recommendations to

a. other professionals.

b. directly to other psychologists' clients.

c. organizations.

d. community agencies.

A

15. Organizational consultation refers to services to an organization focused on

a. developing promotion programs

b. evaluating the efficiency of the organization's health care or related services

c. reviewing and approving the current services set by the organization

d. observing without judgment an organization's practices and services

B

16. Providing information, advice, and recommendations to another psychologist or other healthcare professional about how best to assess, understand, or treat a client is referred to as

a. informed consent.

b. clinical consultation.

c. competency of care.

d. a clinical assessment package.

B

17. A needs assessment functions to

a. determine the extent of training required for new employee psychologists.

b. determine the extent of an unmet health care need in an identified population.

c. determine whether programs have successfully achieved their goals.

d. to assess the extent to which the program was carried out as intended.

B

18. Needs assessment are conducted to determine the

a. extent of unmet health care needs in a population.

b. extent of unmet health care needs in a person.

c. efficiency of an organization who provides health care services.

d. efficiency of specific health care providers.

A

19. Which of the following is a component of a program evaluation?

a. Examining if an agency's policy is congruent with its mission.

b. Examining the scope of unmet health care needs in a population.

c. Examining the extent to which the program objectives are met.

d. Examining the personality characteristics of program participants.

C

20. CPA's ethical codes require clinical psychologists to continue to attend to practice-relevant research ____________ their professional career.

a. for the first 5 years of

b. for a good portion of

c. for all of

d. None of the above; there are no specific guidelines

C

21. The first clinical experience in which doctoral students in clinical psychology work with patients/clients under the supervision of a licensed psychologist is called a(n)

a. practical evaluation.

b. internship.

c. shadowing and observation.

d. practicum.

D

22. In most Canadian clinical psychology programs graduate students obtain

a. less than 500 hours of practicum experience.

b. between 300 and 1,200 hours of practicum experience.

c. over 1,400 hours of practicum experience.

d. over 4,200 hours of practicum experience

C

23. The clinical internship completed by graduate students is completed

a. after receiving their Ph.D. and prior to licensure.

b. after completing all coursework, but before receiving their Ph.D.

c. on a part-time basis as the student completes coursework.

d. whatever is most appropriate in the student's area of specialization.

B

24. The number of clinical psychologists working in private practice has ________ in the past few decades.

a. decreased considerably

b. remained constant

c. increased considerably

d. moderately increased

C

25. Hunsley et al. (2013) found that in addition to the nearly 28% of Canadian clinical psychologists who work exclusively in a private practice setting, another ____ listed private practice as a secondary work setting.

a. 10%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 65%

C

26. Ethical codes of conduct require that clinical psychologists

a. maintain knowledge of research relevant to their activities.

b. in private practice are exempt from maintaining knowledge of relevant research.

c. are not obliged to maintain their research knowledge if they work exclusively in clinical services.

d. in academic settings maintain responsibility for research knowledge and dissemination.

A

27. When no research evidence is available Lilienfeld, Lynn, and Lohr (2015) suggested it requires the clinician to strike a balance between

a. excessive open-mindedness and excessive scepticism

b. clinical judgement and experience

c. patient preference and clinician's experience

d. theories and past experiences

A

28. According to Sinclair (1993), modern interest in developing ethical codes for research and professional services can be traced to

a. the Nuremburg war crime trials that occurred after the Second World War.

b. psychologists' involvement in the First World War.

c. America's involvement in the Vietnam War.

d. lobbying by animal rights groups in the 1960s.

A

29. According to the textbook, what is the most important tenet of professional and research ethical codes?

a. Random assignment.

b. Informed consent.

c. Using empirically validated techniques.

d. Responsibility to society.

B

30. The current concept of informed consent applies to

a. only those who cannot provide consent independently.

b. any individual participating in research or obtaining healthcare services.

c. individuals specifically participating in research.

d. individuals receiving care in hospital settings.

B

31. The Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists is intended to provide guidance for psychologists

a. engaged in the delivery of psychological services.

b. engaged in research and teaching.

c. who are licensed.

d. in all their professional activities.

D

32. Which of the following are the four ethical principles in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists?

a. Responsibility to society, responsible caring, integrity in relationships, and respect for dignity of persons.

b. Respect for confidentiality, responsible caring, integrity in relationships, and dignity of persons.

c. Responsible relationships, respect for confidentiality, respect for dignity of persons, and responsible caring.

d. Respect for dignity of persons, respect for confidentiality, integrity in research, and responsible caring.

A

33. A meta-analysis by Lee, Lim, Yang, and Lee (2011) of studies of psychologists' work-lives found that those who:

a. were less committed to their professional roles worked shorter hours.

b. received constructive criticism felt greater sense of accomplishment.

c. believed they worked harder than their clients did felt more satisfaction.

d. were traumatized by the stories they heard from clients became suicidal.

B

34. Research on the psychological consequences of working with clients who have experienced trauma indicates:

a. that emotional responses are more common in those who are less familiar with this type of work.

b. that prolonged exposure to clients' traumatic experiences results in the psychologist's sensitization.

c. that it leads to an erosion of optimism and belief in a just world.

d. that effects are so variable no robust conclusions can be drawn.

A

35. Research on psychologists' coping has shown that:

a. their training inoculates them and reduces their reactivity to stressful life events.

b. scheduling breaks helps them deal with stress.

c. they over-estimate their own capacity to cope.

d. they need to be more self-reliant as they have are unable to seek services themselves.

B

36. What is one feature of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists that sets it apart from other codes of ethics for psychologists?

a. It provides an absolute model for contending with ethical issues, rather than relying on a decision-making model which may not cover all possible scenarios.

b. It weights all of the four ethical principles equally, in order to include all relevant perspectives.

c. An explicit model of ethical decision-making is embedded within the Code, rather than relying upon an absolute standard.

d. It is more user-friendly for psychologists than for non-psychologists.

C

37. The Canadian Code of Ethics functions primarily as a(n)

a. absolute standards model.

b. prescriptive standards model.

c. decision-making model.

d. All of the above.

C

38. Which of the four ethical principles in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists is given the most weight?

a. Responsibility to society.

b. Respect for the dignity of persons.

c. Responsible caring.

d. Integrity in relationships.

B

39. Which clinical training model emphasizes clinical skills and competencies as a research consumer (rather than as a research producer)?

a. The clinical scientist model.

b. The scientist-practitioner model.

c. The practitioner-scholar model.

d. The scholar-scientist model.

C Page 43

40. In Canada, the Psy. D. program is offered

a. in the majority of universities.

b. in provinces that do not require a Ph.D. for licensure.

c. in free-standing private professional schools.

d. in a small number of universities.

~ D

41. The purpose of a Ph.D. or Psy.D. program having accreditation is to ensure that the training program

a. maintains its enrolment to produce enough clinical psychologists to meet the population's needs.

b. maintains standards that meet the profession's expectations for the education of clinical psychologists.

c. maintains high standards for acceptance of students.

d. does not overload students with needless courses and excessive clinical training.

B

42. The primary benefit of attending an accredited program (as opposed to a unaccredited program) in clinical psychology is that:

a. students can choose between a Psy. D and a PhD. depending on their long-term career aspirations.

b. licensure is guaranteed after graduation.

c. the program has met the standards set out by the Canadian Psychological Association for training in professional psychology.

d. funding is guaranteed.

C

43. One of the major challenges currently facing clinical psychology training programs is

a. ensuring that a sufficient number of students complete their program of study.

b. keeping stride with the rapidly expanding field of program evaluation.

c. keeping stride with rapid progress in the field of clinical neuroscience.

d. preparing students to provide services for an increasingly diverse population.

D

44. What is one of the main purposes behind a regulatory body that oversees licensing among healthcare professionals?

a. to ensure that healthcare professionals have a resource to turn to.

b. to ensure that the public is protected when receiving health care services.

c. to provide opportunities for healthcare professionals to network with colleagues.

d. to maintain the standards of undergraduate psychology programs, which will be supplying applicants to accredited graduate programs.

B

45. In most European countries, to become a clinical psychologist, licensure requirements stipulate that the candidate

a. must have received at least a Master's Degree.

b. must have received a Ph.D.

c. must have received a Ph.D. and have completed at least two years of post-doctoral experience.

d. must have practiced for at least 5 years after receiving the graduate degree.

A

46. As of 2015, a candidate for registration in Ontario

a. must have received at least a Master's Degree.

b. must have received a Ph.D. from a program that is accredited by the Canadian Psychological Association or its equivalent

c. must have received a Ph.D. and have completed at least two years of post-doctoral experience.

d. must have practiced for at least 5 years after receiving the graduate degree.

B

47. Graduate training in clinical psychology involves coursework and

a. supervised practicum training

b. a doctoral dissertation

c. a full-time internship

d. all of the above

D

48. The Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology:

a. is designed to identify candidates suitable for graduate training in psychology.

b. is a Canadian exam that is used by accredited programs.

c. is used in North America by licensing bodies in psychology.

d. focuses mainly on assessment, intervention & consultation.

C

49. The Mutual Recognition Agreement:

a. was signed by the APA and CPA to recognize the equivalence of the accreditation processes in the USA and Canada.

b. identifies core competencies required for professional practice in psychology in Canadian provinces and the North West Territories.

c. will be signed in 2017 to require that all professional training occur within accredited (as opposed to unaccredited) programs.

d. allows licensed psychologists to use the title 'Dr'.

B

List the four ethical principles that are listed in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists.

a. Respect for the dignity of persons.

b. Responsible caring.

c. Integrity in relationships.

d. Responsibility to society.