Biol 476 Lab Exam 2 - Vocabulary and Definitions

Femur head

round structure articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxa

Femur neck

elongated structure connects the head to the main shaft of the bone

Greater trochanter

large and bumpy muscle attachment point that is lateral to the head

Lesser trochanter

smaller and bumpy muscle attachment point inferior to the greater trochanter

Medial condyle

smooth, round structure on the medial side of the femur also articulates with the tibia distally, and it forms part of the knee joint

Lateral condyle

smooth, round structure on the lateral side of the femur articulates with the tibia distally, and it forms part of the knee joint

patellar groove

where patella articulates with the femur

Patella

kneecap

Tibial plateau

flat surface upon which the femoral condyles articulate within the knee joint

Tibial tuberosity

prominent rough bump on the anterior and proximal end of the tibia that serves as a muscle attachment point

medial meniscus

crescent-shaped pads that sit on the tibial plateau. They allow the condyles of the femur to glide across the tibial plateau

lateral meniscus

crescent-shaped pads that sit on the tibial plateau. They allow the condyles of the femur to glide across the tibial plateau

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

This ligament attaches anteriorly on the tibia, between the medial and lateral menisci, and angles posteriorly towards its attachment on the femur near the lateral condyle.

posterior cruciate ligament

ligament attaches posteriorly on the tibia, between the medial and lateral menisci, and angles anteriorly towards its attachment on the femur near the medial condyle

medial collateral ligament

ligament travels superiorly to inferiorly on the medial aspect of the knee

lateral collateral ligament

ligament travels superiorly to inferiorly on the lateral aspect of the knee

Gluteus minimus

deeper to gluteus maximus and also sequentially smaller in size

Gluteus maximus

largest and most superficial of these three muscles

Piriformis

originates at the sacrum and is a pyramid shape

Obturator internus

muscle body covers the posterior (internal) aspect of the obturator foramen in the pelvis

Quadratus femoris

muscle is also square-shaped and attaches to the femur in between the greater and lesser trochanter

Superior gluteal bundle

This bundle is in between gluteus medius and minimus

Inferior gluteal bundle

bundle near the gluteus maximus

sciatic nerve

nerve is an incredibly thick and significant nerve, and it ultimately branches at the popliteal fossa

sacrotuberous ligament

extends from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity

rectus femoris

name of this muscle is based on its appearance ("rectus" means "straight")

pin 3

vastus medialis

muscles are lateral and medial, respectively, to the vastus intermedius

pin 5

vastus lateralis

muscles are lateral and medial, respectively, to the vastus intermedius

pin 4

vastus intermedius

muscle is deep to rectus femoris

Sartorius

muscle is an "S"-shaped muscle that attaches laterally at the anterior tip of the iliac crest, travels superficially over the rectus femoris, and attaches to the medial aspect of the tibia

-pin 2

tensor fasciae latae

pin 1

iliopsoas

A small triangle-shape of muscle can be seen lateral to the femoral triangle and pectineus

femoral vein, artery, and nerve

they reside in an area referred to as the "femoral triangle."

deep artery of thigh

branch of the femoral artery is just inferior to the inguinal canal. Remember when searching for it on a cadaver that it is always more superior than most people expect!

great saphenous vein

longest vein in the human body, branching from the femoral vein medially and traveling inferiorly to the ankle

Gracilis

long and cylindrical muscle that is the most medial of the medial thigh muscles

-pin 2

adductor longus

deeper

-pin 4

adductor brevis

more superior than adductor longus

adductor magnus

largest of the three

It is also the deepest, which is why we can only see a small portion of it in the anterior view

pin 3

pectineus

medial to the femoral triangle

Obturator nerve

you'll find the obturator nerve when you reflect the adductor longus

Gluteus maximus

largest and most superficial of these three muscles

gluteus medius

sequentially deeper to gluteus maximus and also sequentially smaller in size

gluteus minimus

sequentially deeper to gluteus maximus and also sequentially smaller in size

piriformis

piriformis originates at the sacrum and is a pyramid shape. We are now looking at that same muscle but in the posterior view as it travels through the greater sciatic notch to its attachment point on the greater trochanter

obturator internus

its muscle body covers the posterior (internal) aspect of the obturator foramen in the pelvis. It then travels behind the ischium and attaches to the greater trochanter, where we will see it in the gluteal region

quadratus femoris

muscle is also square-shaped and attaches to the femur in between the greater and lesser trochanter

Superior gluteal bundle

supplies the gluteus medius and minimus

Inferior gluteal bundle (gluteal region)

supplies the gluteus maximus

sacrotuberous ligament

name suggests, extends from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity. You'll find this rigid piece of connective tissue medial to piriformis and obturator internus

semitendinosus

more superficial and, as its name suggests, has an obvious tendon

semimembranosus

deep to semitendinosus and its muscle body is slightly larger

biceps femoris

cylindrical muscle with a short head and a long head, hence "biceps" in the name ("bi" meaning two). This muscle attaches laterally at the head of the fibula

Popliteal artery and vein

continue inferiorly and then wrap medially to the posterior aspect of the thigh. You can see them travel in between semimembranosus and biceps femoris. When they reach the back of the knee (technically called the "popliteal fossa"), the artery and vein are now called the popliteal artery and vein

sciatic nerve

It exits through the greater sciatic foramen, travels through the posterior compartment of the thigh, and then alongside the popliteal artery and vein

medial malleolus of tibia

large projection from the tibia that is on the medial side. You can feel this chunk of bone under your skin on the inner aspect of your ankle

lateral malleolus of fibula

Opposite the medial malleolus of the tibia

head of fibula

is the square proximal end of the fibula

calcaneus

The bone that makes up your heel

-number 2

Talus

has a nice round superior surface to interact with the distal end of the tibia in the ankle joint

cuboid

Cube-shaped bone

-number 4

Navicular

crescent-shaped bone that articulates with the talus and cuneiforms. It also kind of looks like a small boat or ship, so you can think of the navy

-number 3

medial cuneiform

Three closely associated bones articulating with the navicular

Intermediate cuneiform

Three closely associated bones articulating with the navicular

lateral cuneiform

Three closely associated bones articulating with the navicular

first metatarsal

second metatarsal

third metatarsal

fourth metatarsal

fifth metatarsal

proximal phalanx 1

proximal phalanx 2

proximal phalanx 3

proximal phalanx 4

proximal phalanx 5

intermediate phalanges

The FOUR phalanges between the Proximal and Distal phalanges.

distal phalanges

These bones sit under your toenails

Tibialis anterior

"The Happy Dog" - medial to lateral

muscle is located just lateral to the tibia

extensor hallucis longus

"The Happy Dog"

muscle body is deep to the other two muscles in the anterior compartment. If you follow the tendon inferiorly, you'll see it travels to digit 1. "Hallucis" is the anatomical name for the "big toe" or digit 1

extensor digitorum longus

"The Happy Dog"

lateral to extensor hallucis longus. Follow it inferiorly and you'll find 4 tendons that travel to digits 2-5

anterior tibial a. and v.

pass in between the tibia and fibula. You will find then tucked between tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus

deep fibular nerve

The deep fibular nerve travels from the popliteal fossa anteriorly to innervate this anterior compartment. You will find it next to the anterior tibial artery

fibularis longus

A long muscles that attaches to the lateral aspect of the fibula. This muscle is so close to the anterior and posterior compartment muscles

common fibular nerve

branch of the sciatic nerve and can be found in or near the popliteal fossa

superficial fibular nerve

branch of the common fibular nerve. What was the other branch called? You will find it superficial to fibularis longus. It will likely be easiest to identify on the lateral aspect of the ankle

gastrocnemius

translates to "stomach of the leg," a name given due to its round and bulky appearance. It's the prominent and superficial muscle that you might think of as the "calf" muscle, and has two "heads" that attach to either side of the knee joint

soleus

shape of this fish - flat and broad. It also has shiny connective tissue over it, making it look like fish scales. It is found deep to the gastrocnemius

Plantaris

should plantar flex the ankle. However, it has such a small muscle body and such a long tendon that it's pretty useless compared to gastrocnemius

Popliteus

deep to plantaris and nestled in the popliteal fossa

Tibialis posterior

"Down The Hatch" -medial to lateral

attached to the posterior aspect of the tibia. It is in between the flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus muscles

flexor hallucis longus

"Down the Hatch"

hallucis (digit 1) is medial on the foot, flexor hallucis longus is lateral to tibialis posterior in the posterior compartment of the leg

flexor digitorum longus

Although digits 2-5 are lateral on the foot, flexor digitorum longus is medial to tibialis posterior in the posterior compartment of the leg. The reason is that its tendon crosses medially around the ankle and superficial to the tendon of flexor hallucis longus

Tibial nerve

A branch of the sciatic nerve, which can be found medial to tibialis posterior and alongside the posterior tibial artery and vein

Fibular artery and vein

A branch of the posterior tibial artery and vein, which can be found lateral to tibialis posterior

Posterior tibial artery and vein

can be found lateral to the tibial nerve

sternal end of clavicle

articulates with sternum

acromial end of clavicle

articulates with the acromion of the scapula

head of the humerus

rounded and smooth proximal end. This interacts with the glenoid fossa at the shoulder joint

greater tuberosity of the humerus

lateral to the head

lesser tuberosity of the humerus

more medial than the greater tuberosity and slightly more inferior