APUSH EXAM

2nd GA

focused on conversion (to Baptist and Methodist)

war of 1812

• Yet the chief belligerents in Europe, Britain and france had no interest in respecting neutral rights so long as they were locked in a life and death struggle withe ach other → they well remembered that Britain had seemed a cruel enemy during the American Revolution, and the French had supported the colonists → in addition, Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans applauded the French for having overthrown their monarchy in their own revolution

• Moreover, even though both the French and the British violated US neutral rights, the British violations were worse because of the British navy’s practice of impressing American soldiers

frontier pressures

war of 1812: Added to long standing grievances over British actions at sea were the ambitions of Western Americans for more open land

frontier pressures

war of 1812: Americans on the frontier longed for the lands of British Canada and Spanish Florida → standing in the way were the British and their Indian and Spanish allies

frontier pressures

• Conflict with the native americans were a perennial problem for the restless westerners → for decades, settlers had been gradually pushing the native americans further and farther westward

• In an effort to defend their lands from further encroachment, Shawnee brothers: Tecumseh, a warrior and prophet, a religious leader - attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Mississippi River

frontier pressures

war of 1812: While settlers became suspicious of Tecumseh and persuaded the governor of the Indian territory, General William Henry Harrision to take aggressive action

• In the battle of Tippecanoe, in 1811, Harrison destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh’s efforts to form an Indian confederacy

• The British provided only limited aid to Tecumseh → nevertheless, Americans on the frontier blamed the British for instigating the rebellion

war hawks

Known as war hawks because of their eagerness for war with Britain, they quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives

Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John Calhoun of SC, the war hawk members of congress argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy NA resistance on the frontier

Great Britain

In the end, the US declares war against ______ (right after they agree to remove the blockage they had placed in the Atlantic) This is who opposed

• war of 1812

War Hawks

• Americans who opposed viewed it as “Mr. Madison’s War” and the work of the ______ in congress

• Most outspoken in their criticism of the war were New England merchants, federalists politicians, and “Quids” or old democratic republics

New England Merchants

 opposed because after the repeal of the Embargo Act, they were making sizeable profits from the European war and viewed impressment as merely a minor inconvenience

New England merchants

• Both commercial interests and religious ties to Protestantism made them more sympathetic to the protestant and British than to the Catholic French

Federalist politicians

viewed the war as a democratic republican scheme to conquer Canada and Florida, with the ultimate aim of increasing democratic republican voting strength

Quids

criticized the war because it violated the classic democratic republican commitment to limited federal power and to the maintenance of peace

Hartford convention

December 1814 - Federalists hold the ______

• Prominent federalists meet to discuss their opposition to the war

Hartford convention

• Propose draft/new amendments to constitution

1. Reuwrite ⅔ vote for war (both Houses)

2. Require ⅔ vote for any legislation that may impact trade

3. Requires ⅔ vote for admission of any state

• Want ⅗ compromise repealed → called for a vote of secession

Era of Good feelings

James Monoroe would be elected in 1816 → For three years we would find ourselves in the:

era of good feelings

• Marked by a spirit of optimist, nationalism, and good will

• Democratic Republicans continued to adopt federal policies

era of good feelings

• We saw heated debates over tariffs, national banks, internal improvements and land sales

• Division in Democratic Republicans over sectionalism → slavery, tariffs, national banks,, internal improvements, land sales, power of the federal government

James Monroe

• Flights in the revolutionary war

• Prominent in Virginia politics

• Younger generation loves him

• Wants to expand westward,  though he would usher in an era of “unlimited prosperity:

Treaty of Ghent

1. Prewar boundaries are set (goes back to how it was with British Canada)

2. Any territories taken are returned so we won? Yes

• Does not address any causes of war

War of 1812 impacts

Great Britain officially recognizes our independence

War of 1812 impacts

Foreign nations respect US as a country

War of 1812 impacts

US recognizes Canada as a part of Great Britain

War of 1812 impacts

Federalist lose a substantiation amount of power (even in New England)

War of 1812 impacts

Set in the precedent of nullification and secession (used by South later)

War of 1812 impacts

Great Britain abandoned their Native American allies, they had no choice but to accept our settlement in their lands

War of 1812 impacts

The war and blockage in the Atlantic led to an increase in American industry and manufacturing

War of 1812 impacts

A shift in political leaders with many military leaders moving to forefront: WH Harrison, Andrew Jackson

War of 1812 impacts

Greater sense of nationalism, we decide our future does not lie in Europe, its in the west

treaty of alliance (1778)

An open alliance with France → a defensive pact, France would help us until we secured independence, we would help france if Great Britain attacked them

Philipsburg proclamation

 any slave who fights will be freed when the war ends, around 30k fight

• part of the british southern strategy

British southern strategy

• Secure the backwoods of the South, take resources

• maintain/regain control of ports

• Squeeze the South, push northward

AOC

• Unicameral (one house)

• One vote per colony

• Unanimous vote (13/13) to amend articles

• 9 of 13 most vote in favor of new laws

• Special committee can make minor decisions when court is not in session

AOC powers

• Wage war

• Send diplomats

• Forge treaties

• Can request tazes from states

• Can request roops from states → cant make them

• Can settle disputes (between states,, with Native Americans)

• Create a postal service

AOC powers denied

• Cannot tax

• No standing army → can have state ones

• No true executive (president with Power)

• Cannot regulate commerce

• Cannot enforce treaties

AOC success

Win the revolutionary war

AOC success

Negotiate the treaty of Paris (1783)

AOC success

Land ordinance of 1785

AOC success

Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787

AOC problem

1. FInancial - many states had not repaid war debts → cannot tax

AOC problem

state currency is weak, cannot tax to raise revenue, can only ask

AOC problem

Foreign affairs- confeicts on West (Great Britain never left like they promised) → more Europeans come over

AOC problem

Shays rebellion

Daniel Shay

MA, _____ had fought in the revolution and had fallen behind on mortgage while away

• taxes increase

• threatened with debtors prison

• worthless money

Shays rebellion

Daniel shay rebells by freeing debtors from prison:

• attacks tax agaents

• refuses to pay

• attacks an armory in Springfield, MA for supplies

shays rebellion

in ______, MA asks federal government for help to shut down rebellion/// government cannot help, as under the AOC there is no “official” military

shays rebellion

• Shows how weak the federal government is, the state militia has more power

• Shown when MA shuts down rebellion

Philadephia convention

• Meant to revise the Articles of Confederation

• Most attendees were wealthy, well educated (only one yeoman farmer was present), most had experience with law or politics

VA plan

population determines representation- favors larger states

NJ plan

equal representation for states

favored smaller states

The Great Compromise

the Connecticut plan

the great compromise

provided for a two house congress

senate

in the ____ states would have equal representation

House of Representatives

in the _____, each state would be represented according to the size of its population

3/5 compromise

• coutned each enslaved individual as ⅗ of  a person for the purpose of determining a states level of taxation and representation 

commercial compromise

• Congress could regulate interstate and foreign commerce

• Can place tariffs on imports

• Congress cannot place any export taxes

unanimous

there was a ____ vote for Washington

president

constitution authorizes the ____ to: organize new departments of the executive branch

• Authorizes the president to appoint chiefs of departments, although they must be approved by the senate

• Veto acts of congress

Secretary of State

foreign policy/diplomacy

Secretary of State

Thomas Jefferson

secretary of the treasury

tax policies, international/domestic economic affairs

secretary of the treasury

Alexander Hamilton

secretary of war

defense policy/advisor

secretary of war

Henry Knox

attorney general

legal advisor to cabinent/lawyer that advises cabinet

attorney general

Edmund Randolph

anti federalists

____ argued that Americans had fought the Revolutionary war to escape a tyrannical government in Britain

• What was to stop a strong central government under the Constitution from acting similarly

• Only by adding a bill of rights could Americans be protected against such a possibility

federalists

______ argued that since members of Congress would be elected by the people, they did not need to be protected against themselves → People should assume that all rights were protected rather than create a limited list of rights that might allow unscrupulous officials to assert that unlisted rights could be violated at will

• In order to win the adoption of the constitution, Federalists backed off and promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution

• The bill of Rights was created as a protection against abuses that the new government might inflict on the colonies

first amendment

 Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, right to peaceably assemble, petition government with grievances

second amendment

well regulated militia, right of the people to keep and bear arms

third amendment

No quartering of soldiers except in times of war (must be prescribed by law)

fourth amendment

No unreasonable searches and seizures must have probable cause (warrant must have place, items, persons, etc.)

fifth amendment

Cannot be deprived of life, liberty, property without due process of law, no double jeopardy, cannot testify against oneself

sixth amendment

right to a speedy and public trial (in the state that the crime was committed), must know accusations/witnesses, provided counsel

seven amendment

right to a jury trial

eight amendment

 No cruel or unusual punishment, no excessive bail or fines

ninth amendment

Not all rights are explicitly state, if not mentioned it does not mean that it is denied (Federalist belief/argument)

tenth amendment

Only powers granted in the Constitution fall of the Federal government, all other powers are granted to the states (Anti-federalists argument → Don't want an all powerful government)

anti federalists

want power revered for the states

anti federalists

no separation of church and state

anti federalists

want state banks

anti federalists

pro French

anti federalists

rural residents, farmers, working class —> south

• Jefferson agrarian vision

anti federalists

strict interpretation of the constitution

federalists

want a strong central government

federalists

separation of church and state

federalists

national bank

federalists

pro british

federalists

wealthy merchants and businessmen

federalists

north and coastal cities

federalists

loose interpretation, article 1, section 8

federalists

want to preserve union

proclamation of neutrality

1. The US will not get involved

2. The use will trade with both Great Britain and France (Need good economic relations)

3. Forbids US citizens from getting involved with the French Revolution.. If you do we will not help you

Washingtons policy

proclamation of neutrality

• Washington believed that the young nation was not strong enough to engage in a European war

• Resisting popular clamor, in 1793 he issued a proclamation of US neutrality in the conflict → Jefferson resigns in a disagreement with Washington's policy

Whiskey rebellion

IN western PA, the refusal of a group of farmers to pay the federal excise tax on whiskey seemed to pose a major challenge to the viability of the US government under the constitution → the rebelling farmers could ill afford to pay a tax on the whiskey that they distilled from surplus corn

whiskey rebellion

• Rather than pay the tax, they defended their "liberties" by attacking the revenue collectors

whiskey rebellion

• Washington responds by federalising 15k state militiamen placing them under the command of Alexander Hamitlon → show of force causes _____ to collapse with almost no bloodshed

whiskey rebellion

• Some applauded, contrasting it with the previous government's helplessness to do anything about Shays rebellion → Westerners thought military action was unwarranted use of force against the common people

• Jefferson was western farmer champion

XYZ affair

Adams sent delegates to France in order to address the seizure of American merchant ships and their goods

XYZ affair

Adams delegation was sent to negotiate terms and end the seizure of American goods and end the seizure of American goods and property