speech sounds of the world’s languages

german & french front rounded vowels

• [y] (“ü”) as [i] with rounded lips

• [∅] (“ö”) as [e] with rounded lips

nasalised vowels in french

• vowels not completely nasal but with open nasal cavity

• [ɛ] as [ɛ] with open nasal cavity

consonants: fricatives

• bilabial

  • [ɸ] (voiceless) → ewe

  • [β] (voiced) → ewe

• Velar [x] “Bach” [Bax] (voiceless) → modern greek

  • [ɣ] (voiced) → modern greek

• Glottal

• [ɦ] (voiced) → ukrainian

consonants: further additions

• non palatel affricatives

  • alveolar [ts] (voiceless) → canadian french

  • labial [pf] (voiceless) → german

• palatal consonants

  • [ŋ] (voiced palatal nasal stop) → spanish

  • [c] (voiceless palatal stop) → modern greek

  • [ç] (voiceless palatal fricative) → modern greek

completely new sounds: place of articulation

• uvular

  • stops: [q] (voiceless) → Farsi

• pharyngeal Fricatives:

  • [ħ] (voiceless) → maltese

  • [ʕ] (voiced) → hebrew

completely new sounds: manners of articulation

• American r (rhotic)

• clear sounds (tongue body down, tongue tip up)

• dark sound (tongue body up, tongue tip down)

• secondary articulation: simultaneous articulation of primary & secondary consonant

  • Velarized [l] vs. [ɫ] → macedonian

  • Glottalized (stops) [pˀ] → lakhota

  • Palatalized [pj] → russian