Studied by 2 people
Assessment
The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something
Process of Assessment
Referral
Select tools
Formal assessment
Report findings
Referral for Assessment
Fill in the blank:
The process begins with a _ from a source such as a teacher, psychologist, counselor, etc.
Competency to Stand Trial
Capacity to be tried in court as determined by a person’s ability, at the time of trial.
Level A Test
Type of test that primarily consists of school-made assessments (not necessarily school administered).
Level B Test
Type of test administered by group and by RPm.
Level C Test
Type of tests administered individually and by RPsy (e.g., Rorschach Test).
Report of the Findings
Fill in the blank:
After assessment, the assessor writes a _ that is designed to answer the referral questions
Tools of Psychological Assessment
Test
Test Content
Test Format
Test Administration Procedures
Psychometric Soundness of Tests
Psychometrics
Psychometric Test Utility
Interview
Portfolio
Case History Data
Behavioral Observation
Test Content
This is considered as the subject matter of the test; the materials or questions included in a test.
Test Format
This is the form, plan, structure, arrangement, layout of test items, and manner of test administration– computerized, paper-and-pencil
Psychometric Soundness of Tests
How consistently and how accurately a psychological test measures what it purports to measure
Psychometrics
It is the science of psychological measurement
Psychometric Test Utility
Usefulness of practical value that a test or other tool of assessment has for a particular purpose
Interview
A method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal exchange
Portfolio
A tool of evaluation consisting of samples of one’s ability and accomplishments
Behavior Event Interviewing (BEI)
A more objective and specific method (using the STAR assessment) to battle a test taker’s tendency to answer questions in a generic way.
Case History Data
Records, transcripts, and other account in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee.
Behavioral Observation
Monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions
Parties in the Assessment Enterprise
Test Developer and Publisher
Test Users
Test Taker
Society at Large
Other Parties
Test Anxiety
Test takers lose the capability to perform well because of this, which can be solved by establishing rapport with the test takers.
Informed Consent
Process where a person is given all the important information about a decision or treatment before agreeing to it.
Test Acquiescence
One’s tendency to always respond with “true” or “yes” answers to the questionnaire items regardless of what the item content is.
Psychological Autopsy
When the test taker is dead; used to shed light on suicidal behavior and develop prevention.
The Test Developer and Publisher
The creators and distribution of test and other methods of assessment
The Test User
Must be QUALIFIED and also PERMITTED TO PURCHASE
Examples: clinicians, counselors, school psychologists, human resources personnel, consumer psychologists, experimental psychologists social psychologists, etc.
The Test Taker
This party has plenty of issues to consider like
Test anxiety, Understanding and agreement with the rationale of the assessment, etc.
Society at large
Creates needs for new variables to measure
Assessment Settings
Educational Settings
Clinical Settings
Counseling Settings
Geriatric Settings
Business and Military Settings
Governmental and Organizational Credentialing
Academic Research Settings
Educational Setting
This assessment setting involves achievement tests and diagnostic tests
Clinical Setting
This assessment setting involves hospitals, in-patient and out-patient clinics, private practice consulting rooms, schools, other institutions
Mostly individual assessment, with group setting usually for screening
Counseling Setting
This assessment setting involves schools, prisons, government and private institutions
Measures of social and academic skills, personality, interest, attitudes, values
Geriatric Setting
This assessment setting involves the assessment of quality of life (whether self-report or observed)
Assessment of cognitive decline
Dementia
Loss of cognitive functioning which affects memory, thinking, reasoning, psychomotor speed, attention, and personality.
Also occurs as a result of damage to or loss of brain cells.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Best known among the many forms of dementia.
Pseudodementia
A condition usually caused by severe depression in the elderly which affects cognitive functioning and mimicking dementia.
Business and Military Setting
This is an assessment setting focused on decision making about careers of personnel
Achievement, aptitude, interest, motivational tests (affecting decision to hire, promote, or transfer)
Governmental and Organizational Credentialing
This assessment setting involves licensures, certification, membership in organizations
Academic Research Settings
This assessment setting involves measuring variables being explored by the researcher
Obligations of the Assessment Professional
Select and use only the most appropriate tests
Test should be stored safely
A prepared and suitably trained person administers the test
Be familiar with the test materials and procedures
Ensure a conducive testing area
Rapport is important (especially in 1-on-1 or small groups)
Safeguard test protocols
Convey results clearly and understandably
Report presence of third parties during testing
Scoring and interpretation must conform to established and ethical procedures
Hawthorne Studies
Researchers found that subjects responded more to social factors (e.g., the knowledge of being observed) rather than physical conditions (e.g., lighting).
Third Parties
Only applicable on individually administered tests.
Achievement Test
Measures the amount of learning
Diagnostic Tests
Tools of assessment used to help narrow down and identify areas of deficit to be targeted for interventions
Use of Psychological Tests
Assessment Needs in Education
Selection and Classification of Industrial Personnel
Individual Counseling
Research and Data Gathering
France
Fill in the blank:
The earliest use of tests to identify mentally retarded persons stared in _?
Test
A measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior. (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2018)
Psychological Test
A set of items that are designed to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behavior. (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2018)
An objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior (Anastasi and Urbina, 1997)
Psychological Assessment
The gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished through the use of tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and specially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures.
Psychological Testing
The process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior. (Cohen and Swerdlik, 2018)
Overt
A type of measured behavior wherein activity is observable
Covert
Takes place within the individual and cannot be directly observed (feelings, thoughts)
Individual Test
A type of test given to one person at a time
Group Test
A type of test that can be administered to more than one person at a time by a single examiner
Ability Test
A type of test that contains items that can be scored in terms of speed, accuracy or both
Achievement, Aptitude, Intelligence
Personality Test
A type of test related to the overt and covert dispositions of an individual
May be self-report/objective or projective
Essential Test Elements
Standardization
Establishment of Norms
Objective Measurement of Difficulty
Reliability
Validity
Standardization
Essential Test Element
Implies uniformity of procedures in administering and scoring the test
Establishment of Norms
Essential Test Element
Imply average or normal performance
Psychological tests have no predetermined standards of passing or failing. An individual’s test score is interpreted by comparing it with the scores obtained by others on the same test.
Objective Measurement of Difficulty
Essential Test Element
The administration, scoring, and interpretation of scores are independent of the subjective judgment of the individual examiner
Difficulty level of the test/test item is determined based on objective, empirical procedures.
Reliability
Essential Test Element
Is the consistency of scores obtained by the same persons when retested with the identical test or with any equivalent form of test
Validity
The degree to which the test measures what it purports to measure
Item
A specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly; this response can be stored or evaluated
It is also described as the specific questions that make up a test
Qualified Examiner
Fill in the blank:
A _ is needed for the three major aspects of the testing situation.
Norm-referenced
The interpretation of the test is based on norms.
Random Responding
Continuously answering questions even though they did not understand the question.
Test Score
Fill in the blank:
A _ helps us to predict how the client will feel and act outside the test situation
Rapport
Refers to the examiner’s efforts to arouse the test taker’s interest in the test, elicit their cooperation, and encourage them to respond in a manner that is appropriate to the test’s objective
Coaching
An example of this are review centers, focused more on learning How to take the test and not Learning.
Invalidated
Fill in the blank:
A test score is _ only when a particular experience raises the score without appreciably affecting the behavior domain that the test is designed to measure
Test Sophistication
An effect of test taking practice
China
Where the tests and testing programs first came into being as early as 2200 B.C.
Testing was instituted as a means for selecting who, of many applicants, would obtain government jobs, which was a step forward in a culture where one’s position in society was largely determined by the family they were born into.
Ancient Greco-Roman
These writings indicate attempts to categorize people in terms of personality types (i.e., reference to abundance or deficiency in some bodily fluid such as blood or phlegm such as the four humors).
Four Humors
Blood - sanguine
Phlegm - mabagal
Black bile - melancholic
Yellow bile - madaling magalit
19th Century
An era wherein strong awakening of interest in the humane treatment of mentally retarded and insane persons
Relevant Individuals During the 19th Century
Esquirol
Seguin
Charles Darwin
Francis Galton
Wilhelm Wundt
James McKeen Cattell
Herman Ebbinghaus
Alfred Binet
Esquirol
French physician whose two-volume work made the first explicit distinction between mentally retarded and insane individuals
Wrote more than 100 pages of his work devoted to mental retardation
Use of Language
According to Esquirol, this is the most dependable criterion of a man’s intellectual level.
Seguin
French physician
Pioneered in the training of mentally retarded persons
On the Origin of Species
Released in 1859
A book wherein Charles Darwin argued that chance variation in species would be selected or rejected by nature according to adaptivity and survival value.
Charles Darwin
He has spurred interest in individual differences.
Wrote On the Origin of Species
According to him, individual differences are of the highest importance, for they afford materials for natural selection to act on.
Francis Galton
English biologist; Darwin’s half cousin
Aspired to classify people “according to their natural gifts” and to ascertain their “deviation from the average”
Credited to be primarily responsible for the launching of the testing movement and development of statistical methods (coefficient of correlation)
Wilhelm Wundt
Emphasized the need for rigorous control of the conditions under which observations were made (standardization)
Founded the first laboratory dedicated to experimental psychology in Leipzig, Germany
1879
The year in which the problems studied in Wundt’s laboratories were concerned largely with sensitivity to visual, auditory, and other sensory phenomena
Anthropocentric Records
Study of the measurements and proportions of the human body.
James McKeen Cattell
American psychologist, student of Wilhelm Wundt
His role model is Francis Galton
Stimulated his interest in the measurement of individual differences
1888
The year in which Cattell, while lecturing at Cambridge, came in contact with Galton, whom he regarded as “the greatest man I have known.”
Mental Test
James McKeen Cattell was the first to use this term in 1890.
Herman Ebbinghaus
German psychologist
Administered tests of arithmetic computation, memory span, and sentence completion to school children
Alfred Binet
French psychologist
Urged that children who failed to respond to normal schooling be examined before dismissal, and if considered educable, be assigned to special classes
His advocacy for the cause of mentally retarded children led to the establishment (in France) of a ministerial commission for the study of retarded children
1837
The year wherein Seguin established the first school devoted to the education of mentally retarded children
1848
The year wherein Seguin migrated to the USA, made suggestions regarding the training of mentally retarded persons
1884
The year wherein Galton set up an anthropometric laboratory at the International Exposition, where visitors could be measured on certain variables
1895
This is the year wherein Alfred Binet and Victor Henri criticized most of the available tests as being too largely sensory and as concentrating unduly on simple, specialized abilities
Led to the development of the famous Binet Intelligence Scales
Heredity
Fill in the blank:
Galton’s initial work on _ was done with sweet peas, in part because there tended to be fewer variations among the peas in a single pod
Psychological Corporation
Named 20 of the country’s leading psychologists as its directors
The goal of the corporation was the “advancement of psychology and the promotion of the useful applications of psychology”
Sentence Completion
The most complex of the 3 tests administered by Ebbinghaus, showed a clear correspondence with the children’s scholastic achievement
1905 Scale
Intelligence Scale
In collaboration with Theodore Simon
Also known as the Binet-Simon Scale
Made use of a standardization sample of 50 children
Performance > paper and pencil
Measured judgment, comprehension, and reasoning
1908 Scale
Intelligence Scale
Nearly twice as many items as the 1905 Scale
Some unsatisfactory tests in the 1905 Scale were eliminated
All tests were grouped into age levels
1911 Scale
Intelligence Scale
Third revision, coincided with Binet’s untimely death
No fundamental changes, more tests added at several year levels, extended to the adult level
Note
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