Honors Chemistry Unit 11: Acid & Bases

bases

- opposite of acids, high pH

- compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

- slippery or soapy, no strong taste

(CONTAINS HYDROXIDE OH)

acids

- sour chemicals

- compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (CONTAIN HYDROGEN ATOMS)

- low pH

acids example

HCl

base example

NaOH

salts

ionic compounds (metal to nonmetal)

salts example

BaCl₂

ternary acid

acids with more than 2 elements typically have polyatomic ions bonded to hydrogen

ternary acid example

HClO₃

How to name acids (2 elements, binary)

1.) write hydro

2.) write name of the other element

3.) drop ending, add -ic

4.) add word acid at the end

How to name acids (polyatomics)

ate: keep name of ion

- remove ate, add -ic

ite: keep name of ion

- remove ite, add -ous

How to name bases

Normal first name, then hydroxide

exceptions to the polyatomic naming rule

H₂SO₄ - sulfuric acid, NOT sulfic acid

H₃PO₄ - phosphoric acid, NOT phosphic acid

Brønsted-Lowry Theory

Acids donate protons; bases accept protons.

Arrhenius theory

- acids are something that increases concentration of H+ ions

- bases are substances that increase OH- concentration

amphoteric

can act as a acid or base depending on the reaction

conjugate base

when an acid donates an H

conjugate acid

when a base accepts an H

dissociation

when a compound breaks apart and separates into ions when placed in water

neutralization

A reaction between an acid and a base

neutralization reaction formula

acid + base -> salt + water

Molarity

a measure of the concentration of a solution

higher the molarity, _______ the concentration

higher

How is molarity measured?

moles per liter (mol/L)

solute

the substance that is dissolved

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

pH

how acidic or basic a substance is

How is the pH scale measured?

0-14 (logarithmic scale)

Why is pH important?

- both humans and aquatic (water) organisms depend on water

- the pH of water has to be in a range of 5 to 9 in order for organisms to survive

Why do pH levels change?

- by chemicals in water

- pollution, fossil fuels, mining, chemical spills, and sewage

How to calculate pH?

pH = -log[H+] OR -log[H3O+]

titrations

used to determine the concentration of a known reactant in a solution

analyte

A substance that is being identified or measured

equivalence point

occurs when the moles of acid equal the moles of base in a solution

(reached when the amount of titrant from the buret is completely reached)

Phenolphthalein

Indicator to signify when the endpoint is reached