HAHAHAHH

Double-Blind

Exp. where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to (drug studies)

Single-Blind

only participant blind - used if experimenter can't be blind (gender, age, etc)

Skews

created by outliers

Neg skew

mean is to the left (neg side), mode is to the right

Pos skew

mean is to the right

Hawthorne effect

ppl change behavior when watched

Social desirability

ppl lie to look good

Wording effects

how you frame the question can impact your answers

CENTRAL NS

Brain and spinal cord

PERIPHERAL NS

Rest of the NS - relays to Central NS

Somatic NS

Voluntary movement, has sensory and motor neurons

Autonomic NS

Involuntary organs (heart, lungs, etc) - contains the:

Sympathetic NS

fight/flight (generally activates - exception digestion)

Parasympathetic NS

rest / digest (generally inhibits - exception digestion)

NEURON

Basic cell of the NS

Dendrites

Receive incoming NTs

Axon

AP travels down this

Myelin Sheath

speeds up AP down axon, protects axon

Synapse

gap b/w neurons

SENSORY neurons

receive sense signals from environ.-send signal to brain

MOTOR neurons

signals to move - send signals from brain

Interneurons

cells in spinal cord /brain responsible for reflex arc

Reflex arc

important stimuli skips the brain and routes through the spinal cord for immediate reactions (hand on a hot flame)

GLIA

support cells - give nutrients and clean up around neurons

Depolarization

charge of neuron briefly switches from neg to pos. - triggers the AP

Threshold of depolarization

stimulus strength must reach this point to start the AP

All or nothing principle

stimulus must trigger the AP past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity or speed of the response (flush the toilet)

Refractory period

neuron must rest and reset before it can send another AP (toilet resets)

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Memory and movement -in hippocampus, assoc. w/ Alzheimer's

Norepinephrine

sympathetic NS - too little assoc. w/ depression

Endorphins

decrease pain

GABA

Major inhibitory NT

Glutamate

Major excitatory NT (glutes excite you!)

Agonist

drug that mimics a NT

Antagonist

drug that blocks a NT

Reuptake

Unused NTs are taken back up into the sending neuron.(antidepressants cause reuptake inhibition (block reuptake) - treatment for depression)

Cerebellum

movement, balance, coordination, procedural memory (walking a tightrope balancing a bell)

Brainstem / Medulla

vital organs (HR, BP, breathing)

Reticular activating system

alertness, arousal, sleep, eye movement

Cerebral Cortex

outer portion of the brain - higher order thought processes - includes limbic system, lobes, corpus callosum

Limbic System

Amygdala

emotions, fear

BRAIN PLASTICITY

Brain changes via damage and through experience

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

sends hormones throughout the body

Pituitary Gland

Controlled by hypothalamus. release growth hormones

BRAIN RESEARCH

EEG

shows broad brain activity - not specific - electrical output

fMRI

show brain activity in specific regions, measures oxygen

Lesion

destruction of brain tissue

Hippocampus

episodic and semantic memory (if you saw a hippo on campus you'd remember it!)

Hypothalamus

Reward/pleasure center, eating behaviors - link to endocrine system, homeostasis

Thalamus

relay center for all but smell

Pituitary gland

talks w/ endocrine sys and hypothalamus - release hormones

Occipital Lobe

vision

Frontal Lobe

decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality, language, executive function - includes the:

Prefrontal cortex

front of frontal lobe - executive function

Motor Cortex

back of frontal lobe - map of our motor receptors - controls skeletal movement

Parietal Lobe

sensations and touch - controls association areas - includes:

Somatosensory Cortex

map of our touch receptors

Temporal Lobe

hearing and face recognition, language

Association areas

receive input from multiple areas / lobes to integrate info

Left hemisphere only

damage to these results in aphasia (damaged speech)

Broca's Area

Inability to produce speech (Broca - Broken speech)

Wernicke's Area

can't comprehend speech (Wernicke's what?)

Corpus Callosum

bundle of nerves that connects the 2 hemispheres - sometimes severed in patients with severe seizures - leads to "split-brain patients"

Circadian Rhythms

24ish hour biological clock of Body temp & sleep

Disrupting it

makes your internal clock get out of sync (jet lag and shift work do this)

Beta Waves

awake (you betta be awake for the exam)

Alpha Waves

high amp., drowsy

NREM (non REM) stages

NREM 1

light sleep, has hypnagogic sensations (falling feeling)

NREM 2

bursts of sleep spindles

NREM 3 Delta waves

Deep sleep

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

dreaming, cognitive processing

Consolidation

storage of memories

Restoration

helps regenerate the immune system and restore energy

Transduction

convert external stimulus info into APs

Absolute Threshold

detection of signal 50% of time (is it there)

Just noticeable difference

can tell the difference b/w a stronger and weaker stimulus or two similar things (coke vs pepsi, did it get stronger?)

WEBER'S LAW

two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion.(the stronger thing, the more you have to add to tell the difference)

Synesthesia

"disorder" where your senses blend (see sounds, etc)

Sensory Adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation (ex. nose blindness)- sensory receptors respond less (get tired)

VISUAL SYSTEM

Lens

focuses light on retina

Retina

contains photoreceptors (rods/cones/ ganglion cells)

Fovea

area of best vision (cones here)

Rods

black/white, dark adaptation

way more rods than cones

located along sides of retina

Cones

color, bright light (red, green, blue) (only in the fovea)

Dichromatism

missing 1 cone

Monochromatism

only have rods

Accommodation

lens changes curvature to focus images on retina

Nearsightedness

better vision near

Farsightedness

better vision far

THEORIES OF COLOR VISION

Trichromatic

three cones for receiving color

Blue

short waves

Green

medium waves

Red

long waves