chem thermo-energy

Energy of an object due to motion. It depends on the speed and mass of an object

Kinetic energy

stored energy that an object has due to its relative position to other objects

Potential energy

PHYSICAL processes where a substance changes from one state of matter to another because it gained or lost energy in the form of heat

Phase Changes

Molecules absorb/gain energy. Solid to liquid (endo)

Melting

Molecules releases heat making. Gas to liquid. (Exothermic)

Condensation

Molecules release heat. Liquid to solid. (Exo)

Freezing

Molecules absorb energy. Liquid to gas. (Endo)

Vaporization

Directly from a solid to a gas (dry ice) . Its endo

Sublimation

Directly from a gas to a solid. (Frost formation) Exo

Deposition

The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance

Temp

Form of energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder object due to a difference in temperature

Heat (thermal)

Heat is dependent on. . .(3)

Speed size and number of particles

Relationship between heat and temp

Heat causes temp to change

Forces that hold molecules together and influence their physical properties

Intermolecular forces

Which states have IMF

solid liquid (gas)

Amount of heat energy required to raise the temp by one unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. Symbol is C

Specific heat

What does Q= mc delta t mean

Amount of heat energy required to change the temp of a substance

Measurement of heat changes (relies on a closed system)

Calorimeter

System that freely allows both energy and matter to be transferred in and out of a system

Open system

System that does not allow exchange of matter but allows energy (heat) to be transferred.

Closed system

System where neither matter nor heat can transfer to surroundings

Isolated system

Below 0 degrees C

Q=mc Delta t (c= 2.06 J/g)

At 0 degrees C (freezing/melting point) (solid/liquid equilibrium)

Q=mHf (334 J/g)

Greater than 0 but less than 100 degrees C

Q=mc Delta t (c = 4.184 J/gc)

At 100 degrees C (boiling point) (liquid/gas equilbrium)

Q=mHv (2260 J/g)

Above 100 degrees C

Q=mc Delta t (c = 2.01 J/gc)

Equation for heat lost= heat gained

C = Mc delta t / -m (- delta t) (water top; metal bottom)

Gases in the earths atmosphere that trap heat, keeping the planet warm

Greenhouse gases

Gradual increase in Earth’s average temperature due to a buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

Global warming

The long term changes in climate including average temperature and precipitation. It recognizes that although the average temp may increase, the regional/local temp may decrease or remain constant

Climate change

How does temp increase affect storms

As temp increases, more thermal energy leads to more kinetic energy increasing the force of storms

An expression of the ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight (heat from sun). high albedo = light colored surfaces and low albedo = dark surfaces that absorbs the rays

Albedo effect

At STP equation

3 step equation, gram to liters, always 22.4 L for the last step

Equation for not at STP

Mole to mole, v = nRT/P

N = the number of mole you solved

R = 0.0821 layman/kmol

T = degrees + 273 to get K

P = ATM