Interwar Years, Totalitarianism, and WWII

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70 Terms

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Kellog Briand pact

 new policy renouncing war and wanting to solve problems peacefully

  • Opposite of pre WWI bc fre WWI every nation was militarizing

    • Disarmament- getting rid of major weapons and some of their military(some countries did this)

      • Trying to prevent another war

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majino line

defensive ling along french german boarder built by the french to prevent tanks, ppl, etc

Why? Germany has invaded france 2x already

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US role after WWI and what it causes

Areas of europe are completely destroyed and have to be rebuilt

  • US was not destroyed in WWI

    • US economy trives

    • US gives loan to europe to help rebuild (we help all)

      • We want to save democracy and stop extreme ideas being formed from downed nations

      • Economic depression starts in europe

        • Socialism and communism rises

        • Facism is created

        • People mad and start to look for charismatic leaders (dictatorship becomes for common)

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dynamic between Tojo and Hirohito

  • General tojo is the military general and starts to build its military up so japan can expand

    • Military starts making more decision in the country and general Tojo starts stepping on emperor hirohito’s toes when it comes to power

      • Hirohito is too young and shy to do anything

      • Tojo is appointed prime minister

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why does japan start expanding

  • Counties stop buying japanese goods bc of tarrifs so japan just takes over more ares and makes them into colonies so they can sell their goods to them

    • Success of economy=success of military

      • Now aims to make japan bigger

      • Rest of world mad bc kallog pact say no military

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japanese and chinese conflict

  • Japan bomb it own railroad blaim china and invade manchuria and take manchuria (leguage condomns and US condemns)

  • Japan invades and bombs changhai

    • Japan and china fighting skirmishes (not decalring war) 1931-1934

    • US says if u don’t stop we will take economic action against japan

      • Japan withdraws from league of nations (alrdy had problems bc racially not equal)

      • Tells world that japan will do whataevr japan wants

  • Japn will official invade china in 1937

    • Will invade china

    • Japan heads of Nanjing (cultural center) rape 20,000 women (reported)and do mass killings 40,000

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japan and US relationship

  • US imposes severse sanctions

  • No one wants to go to war bc they don’t want war

  • US supplied japan with scrap metal and oil they see japan as wanting to build its industry so manybe this will make them stop

    • Japan make guns and machines

      • US cuts them off

        • US says if u continue to have fighting, we will cut u off

        • Japan needs this stuff and it hits hard for japanese economy and makes the US japan enemy #1

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tripartitie pact

Italy, germany, and japan ally (berlin, rome, tokyo acess)

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roaring 20s

Increase democracy and the arts and literature

Life seemed great

  • Mass consumerism

    • Goods for people is mass produced and home appliances and it was affordable

      • Help women In the house

      • People wanted to appriciate life now after the war

  • Silent films

  • Jazz age from african americans in new orleans

    • African american culture is celebrated for the first times and was for eveyrone

    • Prohibition in place so jazz bars underground so they can discreetly sell alcohol (speakeasies)

  • Radio is massive an united america

 

Women got the right to vote in the 1920s nationallyb they had proved themselves in WWI to be able to carry on the nations

Women still consideded wife in the home

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flappers

young middle class women who liked to dance, smoke, drink, go to the club

Anti-mainstream women

NOT EVERYWOMEN WAS A FLAPPER

Goes against gender roles

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leading up to the stock market crash

Stock market booooooming and people thought thst it would boom forever

  • Stock value was going up and up and people start to get loans to invest in stock market

    • Stocks start to be based on loaned money (not real) for both people and buisnesses

    • Stocks real value is much lower

    • This is realized so stock market go down and people sell stocks and market crahses bc all stocks are sold

  • Banks fail and buisnesses failing because they don’t get their money back       

    • People who had their money in banks, their money was gone

    • Unemployment rose

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crises started from stock market crash

  • We blaming our own gov and get extreme values (not US because of the presedent FDR who passes "the new deal")

    • The new deal savves our dem

    • Not the other countries they suffering

  • US was the bank of europe, so we stopped giving them money and asked for our money back

    • More pressure on germy to give money to france and GB

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totalitarismisn

  • Origins in total war

    • Strict gov vontrol (curfiews, cencorship, etcetcetc)

  • Everything is controlled by the government

  • Totalitarisnism

    • Single leader

    • Singer gov

    • No freedom of press, speech, etc

    • All speech and press should support the state

    • Extreme nationalism and pride in the state

    • No support = traitor

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facism

founded by benito mussolini

  • the leader

  • Starts in italy but spreads to other areas like germany tto make naziism

  • What is it?

    • Centralized control by gov

    • glorifies the state

    • aggressive nationalism (glorifies military)

    • anti-democratic

    • anti-communistic

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benito mussolini

  • Mad WWI italian vet

    • Mad how WWI did not get spoils of victory

  • Speaks out against the government

    • Will unite italian people against the government of italy (communism and socialism)

      • Currently, their was a king and a parliament

      • Corrupt gov and didn’t get anything done

  • Uses WWI as a platform to get power

    • Makes facist party

      • Appeals to people against communism, soicalism, WWI vets

      • VERY CHARISMATIC SPEAKER and is able to inspire people to his cause

      • Forms bands of facists (black shirts) and sends them out into the streets of italy to intimidate and assault other political groups

        • Facists start to win seats and facists now have a strong following and want to made abid for power

          • March to rome (capital building)

          • King of italy is afraid for is life

            • Appoints benito mussolini as prime minister

              • Dissolves parliament and all other parliaments and now the dictator of italy and known as the "Duchei" which is the leader

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what happens when mussolini gets power?

Musulini says he was going to rebuild italy to its prior glory  like during reaissacne and roman empire

  • Made some positive change and makes good on his promise to expand Italy

    • Start to take colonies (libia) and attacks ethipia but never takes

  • Promotes growth of roman heritage

  • Women given medals for having 14+ children bc those babies are now facist and have facist values

  • Propaganda used to indoctrinate people

 

Will start to loose in WWII and people start to loose hope in WWII

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trotsky vs stalin

After communist gov created, Lenin died of a brain aneurism

  • Fighting for who to take power

    • Trotsky

      • Communist patriot

      • Lenin's right hand man

    • Stalin

      • Worked his way up through the ranks; bully so he gets what he wants

      • Secretary of the communist part and gain control of the Politburo (makes all policies and laws in party)

        • Made many connections through fear

        • Stalin will win out and trosky will be exiled (speaks out against stalin) an murdered

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what does stalin do when he is the leader of the USSR?

  • Initiates 5 yr plan to turn the USSR into an industrialized nation 5 yrs and he does it!

    • At the expense of his people

      • Builds facilities to make steel, oil, coal, and electricity

        • Does not help the people- has very large shortages of consumer products

        • Living/workng conditions bad

          • You cant strike bc there is no one to strike against

      • 1000s of people across USSR working for this for no profit bc of communism (have to meet quotas or else punished)

      • No private buisnesses because eveything is the government's

  • Collectivization

  • great purge

  • socialist realism

  • gov funded education, healthcare, and daycare

    • no independent thought, speaking out, etc

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collectivisation

  • collects all farms under state control to make farming estates and sell to people and to other countries

  • Gov provides tools and equiptment to farm the new land

  • Famers unhappy because they getting paid less

    • Many resisted (killed animals and mmore)

      • Stalin takes everythign from the farmers and didn’t leave any food for the farmers

        • 4-10 mil people die from starvation

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great purge

  • Any political adversary imprisoned

    • Socialism, democracy, any famous person with big followings

      • These people sent to gulag labor camps in siberia where people literary cant survive

      • 4 mil citizens executed or imprisoned

        • Population learned to not defy stalin

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cult of personaity

Treating a leader as larger than life (stalin can save me)

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socialist realism

  • Art movement

  • No wriers or artists can make anythign unless its pro stalin and anti west

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nazism

form of facism (dont like communists)

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Germany when nazism was on the rise

  • Doesn’t have an economy

  • The Weimar republic 19-33

    • Weak and not able to do much (doesn’t have money)

      • Start to print more money

        • Hyperinflation- a single good costed so much money a mark was <$0.01

      • High unemployment

    • Doesn’t have support of the people because Weimar signed the treaty that made them pay money and take the blame for the war

      • People feel betrayed and leaders=traitors

      • People feel hopeless

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Nazi party in general

  • Nazi party was NOT STARTED BY HITLER

    • Started by WW1 vet

    • Hitler joins (WW1 vet) makes it a national party because he is charismatic and made it visible (flags badges uniforms)

      • Police force: storm troopers (SS) went around a bullied non-nazis

  • People feel like they need a strong active gov to make change and this is it

  • gives the people a person to blame for their problems

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Nazi party actions

  • Decide to want to overthrow the Weimar republic

    • It fails and nazi leaders in jail (Hitler now a celebrity)

    • Brings national attention to the party

  • after hitler’s release from prison, nazis start to win seats in the reichstag (parliament)

    • Pres. Hidenburg feels pressured from extreme groups (nazi and communist) and his advisors convince him that Hitler is a viable option for a Chancellor (prime minister)

      • Advisors think they can control the Nazis more than the communists and Hitler is appointed as Chancellor legally

        • Hitler starts to rebuild their military illigally (not allowed to have big military in treaty)

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Mein Kampf

  •  (poorly written book) about Hitler’s ideas and people read it (written while he was in jail)

    • Anti-semitism (anti-jew -> bad economy=bc of jews bc they bankers -> jews gunna take over the world!!)

    • Anti-communism

    • Extreme nationalism

    • Social darwinism (aryans-> most evolved and best in all aspects (Germanic nordic people white, tall, blue eyed))

    • Lebensraum (aryans (germans) needed more space to live in so we should invade other countries and dominate)

      • People start to agree with his policies (you can blame jews, communists, etc for German people's problems)

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FIRE AT THE REICHSTAG

  • People believe communists trying to take over

    • Hitler convinces Reichstag to give his emergency power (enabling act)

      • He makes himself a dictator

      • Dissolves the Reichstag and makes it illegal to be any other political party

      • Dissolves the president

      • Makes people pledge a loyalty oath to him to obey Hitler

        • Why so much support?

          • Gave them a sense of belonging (uniform and emblems)

          • cult of personality

          • Sense of structure within party

          • Hitler will imporve economy and unemployment and will accomplish a lot for they german people

          • Terror used- if you don’t be a good nazi u are an outcast (internal pressure within germany to belong to nazi party)

            • Blind loyalty

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What does Hitler do when he gets power?

  • All gov, education, religion, will fall under Hitler's control and state

    • Control of press and mass media (censorship) to control the one idea that the people believe

  • Outlaw all political parties

  • Purge of any person who speaks out, catholic priests, members of other political parties, etc (any anti-nazi)

    • Jails got too full so they built camps for political dissonance

  • Continued storm troopers (police concentration camps)

    • Gestapo is a section of the SS who is the secret police (in reg clothes to find out dissonance)

      • Will raid homes to find people who are riding

  • Brings churches, schools, and unis under his control (priests jailed)

  • Brings youth organizations to indoctrinate the young

  • Women were to be mother and wife and to make aryan pure race children who will be nazis

Passes the Nuremberg Laws

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Nuremberg Laws

  • (race laws)

  • Defines what it means to be a jew

    • Doesn’t matter if u practice, if you have a mom, dad wtvr, you are a jew (only 200,000 people, not a threat)

      • Stripped them of their outerwear, have to have a star on their clothing, no bikes, no chocolate (limiting their movement), no being a teacher, 100+ laws

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Kristallnacht

  • Night of broken glass

  • In all over gemrnay and austria and told nazi members to vandalize jewish businesses and synagogues (1000+ businesses destroyed, synagogues burned to the ground, jews killed)

    • Bc a jew killed a german person in france

    • Jews sent a tax to clean up the broken glass (1 billion)

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WWII overview and new tech

Biggest (61 countries in the world) costliest (5 trillion dollars) deadliest armed (60 million) conflict in the war

Where battles are fought: europe and south pacific

New tech:

  • Airforce tech

    • planes with bombs

      • No more trench warfare bc its useless

      • Fights in the air1

      • Bombing of many things (cities)

      • With radar to detect other planes

    • Aircraft carrier

      • Floatable runway

      • Carry planes for battles at sea and allow for refueling

  • Ground tech

    • Artilery

      • Bug guns and cannons (longer range and more damage)

    • Tanks WITH guns on them

      • Now effectively used

  • Sea tech

    • Long range subs

      • With radar tech to detect other subs

    • Naval ships

      • Have big artillery canons on them

      • Used for sea battles

  • Other

    • Nylon (for materials and bags)

    • Rocketry

    • Atomic bombs

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Genova accords

No more poisonous gas (world gets together and decides that poisonous gas/chemical warfare in inhuman and cant be used in warfare)

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Aggression/appeasement

Agression

  • Japan in china/italy in ethiopia/germany in building up military and send troops to rhineland (area in france that they not allowed to be in)

    • Others say no stop (verbally)

      • They don’t stop

Appeasement

  • Give into demands of the aggressor to keep the peace

  • League of nations don’t have their own army and the nice countries are going through recession/great depression so they have to appease

    • The aggressors see pacifism (these other countries are weak)

      • Aggressors: no one gunna stop us lets keep going!!1!!11!

  • Treaty of Versailles is useless :D

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whats going on in spain y r they not in the war

  • Spain collapses and falls into totalitarianism (victory for italy and germany)

    • Justifies hitler and musulini and their ideologies

  • People and questioning their government bc their eco sucks

  • Francisco franco (general) is loved and people want him as leader and musulini and hitler agree

    • Launches a coo against government and overthrows the government w/ a civil war

      • Francisco franco will make a facist government in spain

        • Become a loose ally to italy and Hitler

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How hitler starts to take land

Italy germany and japan will officially sign their allience (rome-berlin-tokyo axis) and named the axis powers

  • Hitler thinks no one will stop him if he tries to expand (we going to appease bc we don’t want war)

    • Step 1: marches into austria and takes austria into germany (Anschless)

    • Step 2: take a part of chezloslovakia (little resistance)

      • Feels justified bc hes js like otto!!

      • Prime minister of Gb goes to munich and Hitler says im not gunna invade anymore and these people that I have invaded are german

        • Prime minister says okay but no more and weve made peace!!

Hitler and Stalin sign a pact (even though they opposites of each other)

  • To not fight eachother

    • This is public part!!

    • So hitler doesn’t have to fight a 2 front war

  • Says to stalin to invade half of poland and hitler will invade the other and stalin can keep his half

    • This is secret part!!

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How the war officially begins

Axis powers: germany, italy, japan

Allies: GB and France (right now/ later USSR, US, and turkey will join)

Start: Hitler invades Poland

Hitler gets: most of eastern europe, denmark, norway, netherlands, belgium, most of france all in one year

  • How???- Blitzkrieg

  • How???- Luftwaffe

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Blitzkreig

  • Fast and powerful, light lightning invasion

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Luftwaffe

german airforce

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Dunkirk

  • Coast of belgium where GB troops that are trying to escape german troops and keep backing up

    • Get killed by Luftwaffe

      • Small fishing boats from GB rescue 300,000 men

        • Motivational

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Nazi controlled france

  • New gov will do whatever Hitler france (N and coastal france)

  • Southern france will fight for independence

    • Creats A vichi gov

      • It’s a puppet gov led by the nazis with a nazi person in power

      • Vichi is new capital

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HItler’s attack on GB

  • Bombs London and factories and radiostations, sattelites (communications) and harbor

    • GB feels motivated and the royal airforce is determines to fight

      • Battle of Britain happens for 10 months

        • 57 straight days "the blitz" happens every single day and people hid underground

        • 40,000 people died

        • GB did not cave in, Hitler did not take over and decided to give up bc its too costly and annoying

          • Makes GB mo

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Hitler’s attack on the soviet union

  • Oporation barbarossa

  • Hitlers biggest mistake (too big too cold)

  • Hitler invades USSR and tries to invade cities (Leningrad, Moscow, Stalingrad)

    • Gets there quickly with blitzcrieg

      • Leningrad- germans say seige to (encircle but don’t fight) for 3 years

        • People start to starve bc cant get anything in or out

          • 10,000s people die starvation, freezing

          • Germans never get city

          • USSR victory

      • Focus on Moscow

        • Now its winter (troops only have summer clothes)

          • Troops start to freeze (15,000 men get frostbite)

          • Failure for the germans

      • Stalingrad

        • Where soviet union able to push the germans back

        • Hitler wants the russian oil

        • Urban warfare battle fought in a city

          • Snipers

          • Stalin gets reinforcements and they encircle the german 6th army and the 6th army surrenders (against hitler's orders)

 

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What triggers when the US joins

  • US decides we not gunna help japan anymore and not sell them what they need

    • Japan sees this an economic war and bombs pearl harbor (hawaii)

    • Alliances kick in (GB and France help US and vice versa, Japan germany and italy help japan)

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whats happening in africa?

  • Italy was fighting over N africa and expand and make med a lake fpr italy

    • Italy vs GB

    • Italy stats to loose

      • Hitler sends troops to Africa to help the fight to get to middle east to get oil

Rommel- desert fox

  • Mastermind of the surprise attack

  • Sent to help italians

    • Start to push back british

N africa taken over by nazis and italians (both facists)

 

  • US in war now so we help regain africa from germans and italians and take german prisoners of war

    • Get go through morocco and Gb goes from egypt and trop germans and push them towards the med sea

    • Rommel told to abandon his men (200,000 germans captured in N africa-> crushing defeat for axis powers)

 

Huge victory for the allies and US continues to help liberate more and more bc of african launchpad/base

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why did Hitler target specific people?

Rooted in the beief aryan race is best (germans)

  • Lesser races should be ruled by aryans (jews, slavs, people with diabilities physical and mental, gay people, roma people: countryless people)

    • Jews main target: why?- jews started to settle in diff areas bc kicked out of homeland a while ago, persecuted for 1000s of years, were bankers, jews taking over everything of society!!!

      • Gave german people something to blame

      • Brings a sense of unity

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ghettos

  • Jews moved to ghettos

    • No plumbing, electricity, etc

    • Forced to live there

      • People die and get disease

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concentration camps

  • Eventually sends jews to concentration camps bc ghettos getting to expensive and full

  • All around europe

    • Forced to work

    • Medical expiriements common

    • Conc camps became continual strain

      • Final solution: exterminate the jewish people

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Hiter’s final plan

  • Kill the jews

    • Make perm and mobile gas chambers

      • 6 death camps created

        • Auswitz is most pop

          • Step 1: can you work? No-> die | yes-> work until u die

          • How you die: strip (u gunna go shower!1!!), locked in "shower",u get gassed (remove all O2 from room u asphyxiate)

            • Corpses burned in cremotorium

    • gunshots

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US role in the war

  • Us gets brought into the war (it was isolating)

    • FDR wants US to turn into a weapon storehouse for our allies (arsenal)

      • US=production

      • We are able to outsupply people

        • We brought into war

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Japan’s rage on US and sontinual destruction

  • US is attacked by Japan twice because we are not giving them scarp metal or oil

    • Japan just hoped by attacking pearl harbor that US would be forced to negociate

      • Japan bombs pearl harbor

      • Several warships destroyed and mil of americans dead

        • US was angry and we declare war

          • Germany declares war on US

    • Japan also attacks and invades smaller countries (philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Burma, Hong Kong, Singapore, British malaysia, Dutch East Indies)

      • Feels that this is righteous because asian nations must be ruled by other asian nations

      • Philippines was a US territory and now invaded by Japan

        • US and Philippines fight for Philippines but they run out of resources and will fall to Japan

          • Butan march

    • Japan will commit several other war crimes and human expirimentation

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Butan march

americans and philippinos in the phillipines were marched 60 mi to the Butan peninsula prisoner of war camp

1000s are dead from literat torture, starvation, and heat

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How does Italy get out of the war

  • Musolini gets simprisoned by his own people because american and GB troops invade sicisly

    • US troops get to boot of italy and makes their up up italy

    • Musulini surrenders to the allies

      • Fighting will still happein italy because germany troops sent to italy to fight allies

        • Allies continue to win

        • Musolini rescued from prison and sent to N italy

          • 1944, allied troops liberate N italy

          • Musulini fleed and gets kidnapped and murdered and dragged through milan and dead body put in in Milan plaza for people to do whatever they want

          • Italy not fully liberated until end of war bc US pulling soldiers out of italy to prep for D-day

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D-Day

  • Operate to invade France

  • THE turning point in the war

  • Operate overlord (jun 6 1944)

  • Invaded france deceptively (Hitler think from Gb they would invade in N france Calais)

    • Made blowup tanks and people and would drop metal from airplanes to make ti look like they would invade from Calais

    • In reality, they planning to invade in Normandy in 5 beaches and 5 divisons (2 US, 2 GB, 1 canadian)

    • Largest amphibious invasion in the world

      • Within 3 weeks, they would secure the beaches and by augest, they would liberate paris

      • France starts to fight on the aliies again

      • Pushes germany back towards germany in w side (USSR sending germany back to germany)

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Yalta conference

  • FDR, churchhill, stalin meet in russia on what to do at the end of the war

    • By Battle of berlin, 805 of Berlin reduced to bombing by USSR (taking revenge)

      • 80% of city in rubble

      • US let them have at it bc russia lost a lot in the war

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Hitler commits suicide

  • April 28 in a underground bunker

  • Takes cyanide and shoots himself in the face and his wife also takes the cyanide

  • Makes his people burn his body

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VE day

  • When Germany surrenders

  • War n europe over (war in pacific still happening)

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US island hopping

  • US adopts "island hopping"

    • From each island, we will hop to island to island, fight the japanese, and then liberate that island to make it north to japan

    • Navy coming in from the west

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were on okinawa, do we invade or bomb japan?

  • By 1944, we liberate most of islands and we make it to okinawa (part of japan)

    • Plans to use okinawa as a launch pad for invasion

    • Then, we make the atomic bomb and test it

      • Lots of factors on whether bomb on Okinawa

        • "no surrender mentality"

          • Japanese samurai mentality

          • Better to die in battle then become prisoners of war

          • Japanese fill planes w bombs and fly into targets (suidide bombers )(kamikaze)

        • Significant allied deaths from japanese on US

        • Japan committed several war atrocities (Nanking rape, butan march, human experimentation)

        • 1.5 mil men would die in they invaded

      • Pres. Trumen says dropping bomb is safer and cost less lives lost

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Japan bombs

  • Bombs Hiroshima

    • Factories that makes war material

    • 80,000 people evaporated

    • 140,000 people die in total

      • Japanese still don’t surrender

  • Bombs Nagsaki

    • Less civillion death, same results

    • Emperor Hirohito surrenders

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VJ day!

Victory in Japan!!!

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Overall Effects of the war

  • Japan rebuilds

  • Germany is divided, yet rebuilds

  • DEATH

  • Nuremburg trias

  • creation of united nations

  • Women get more rights

  • decolonization

  • US and USSR new superpowers

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rebuilding the nations

  • Japan occupied by US and it develops a new democracy

    • Japan and US allies

  • Germany is divided

    • W side is developed by the US

    • E side developed by USSR

  • Italy surrendered before when US invided Italy

    • Italy not seen as a major threat anymore

    • Suporiised rebuilding but not as occupied as Japan and Germany

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overall death

  • 60 mil across planet

    • 30 mil of that was civillians

    • 11 mil in Holocaust

      • 6 mil jews

  • USSR faces most deaths

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Nuremberg Trials

  • Those in charge of killing camps put on trials for crimes

    • Held in Nuremberg (on purpose)

  • Not overwhelmingly successful (all top nazi leaders commited suicide anyway)

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United nations

  • Created to keep peace

  • Voluntary organization that countries can be a part of

  • Security council leads the UN, 5 permanent members in this group, 6 other spaces rotating

    • US

    • GB

    • France

    • Russia

    • China

  • Help refuges free in civil war

  • Help with disease

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women after the war

  • In western world only

  • Most women would get right to vote

  • Women got more social equality after the war

  • More access to unis and education

    • They had womens colleges and now women and men go to same college

  • Cult of domesticity declining and can have more of a public life (jobs)

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decolonization

  • Gb and France were devastatied that they js let the colonies go

  • US emerges as superpower (we had little to rebuild, good economy, etc)

    • We like to have an anti-colony country so we put pressure on the world to decolonize

  • USSR a superpower and doesn’t like colonization

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US and USSR new superpowers

  • Both try to promote their own thing (capitalization demo/capitalism) in new countries

    • Turns into cold war

  • How is USSR a superpower even with devastation?

    • Makes puppet gov in E europe all allies to russia

    • Makes USSR quite powerful

    • USSR tests an atomic bomb and has atomic weapons

  • How is US a superpower?

    • we didnt fight a war physically in our country

      • nothing to rebuild

    • good economy

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Essay

what 2 causes are the most important of WW2