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Kellog Briand pact
new policy renouncing war and wanting to solve problems peacefully
Opposite of pre WWI bc fre WWI every nation was militarizing
Disarmament- getting rid of major weapons and some of their military(some countries did this)
Trying to prevent another war
majino line
defensive ling along french german boarder built by the french to prevent tanks, ppl, etc
Why? Germany has invaded france 2x already
US role after WWI and what it causes
Areas of europe are completely destroyed and have to be rebuilt
US was not destroyed in WWI
US economy trives
US gives loan to europe to help rebuild (we help all)
We want to save democracy and stop extreme ideas being formed from downed nations
Economic depression starts in europe
Socialism and communism rises
Facism is created
People mad and start to look for charismatic leaders (dictatorship becomes for common)
dynamic between Tojo and Hirohito
General tojo is the military general and starts to build its military up so japan can expand
Military starts making more decision in the country and general Tojo starts stepping on emperor hirohito’s toes when it comes to power
Hirohito is too young and shy to do anything
Tojo is appointed prime minister
why does japan start expanding
Counties stop buying japanese goods bc of tarrifs so japan just takes over more ares and makes them into colonies so they can sell their goods to them
Success of economy=success of military
Now aims to make japan bigger
Rest of world mad bc kallog pact say no military
japanese and chinese conflict
Japan bomb it own railroad blaim china and invade manchuria and take manchuria (leguage condomns and US condemns)
Japan invades and bombs changhai
Japan and china fighting skirmishes (not decalring war) 1931-1934
US says if u don’t stop we will take economic action against japan
Japan withdraws from league of nations (alrdy had problems bc racially not equal)
Tells world that japan will do whataevr japan wants
Japn will official invade china in 1937
Will invade china
Japan heads of Nanjing (cultural center) rape 20,000 women (reported)and do mass killings 40,000
japan and US relationship
US imposes severse sanctions
No one wants to go to war bc they don’t want war
US supplied japan with scrap metal and oil they see japan as wanting to build its industry so manybe this will make them stop
Japan make guns and machines
US cuts them off
US says if u continue to have fighting, we will cut u off
Japan needs this stuff and it hits hard for japanese economy and makes the US japan enemy #1
tripartitie pact
Italy, germany, and japan ally (berlin, rome, tokyo acess)
roaring 20s
Increase democracy and the arts and literature
Life seemed great
Mass consumerism
Goods for people is mass produced and home appliances and it was affordable
Help women In the house
People wanted to appriciate life now after the war
Silent films
Jazz age from african americans in new orleans
African american culture is celebrated for the first times and was for eveyrone
Prohibition in place so jazz bars underground so they can discreetly sell alcohol (speakeasies)
Radio is massive an united america
Women got the right to vote in the 1920s nationallyb they had proved themselves in WWI to be able to carry on the nations
Women still consideded wife in the home
flappers
young middle class women who liked to dance, smoke, drink, go to the club
Anti-mainstream women
NOT EVERYWOMEN WAS A FLAPPER
Goes against gender roles
leading up to the stock market crash
Stock market booooooming and people thought thst it would boom forever
Stock value was going up and up and people start to get loans to invest in stock market
Stocks start to be based on loaned money (not real) for both people and buisnesses
Stocks real value is much lower
This is realized so stock market go down and people sell stocks and market crahses bc all stocks are sold
Banks fail and buisnesses failing because they don’t get their money back
People who had their money in banks, their money was gone
Unemployment rose
crises started from stock market crash
We blaming our own gov and get extreme values (not US because of the presedent FDR who passes "the new deal")
The new deal savves our dem
Not the other countries they suffering
US was the bank of europe, so we stopped giving them money and asked for our money back
More pressure on germy to give money to france and GB
totalitarismisn
Origins in total war
Strict gov vontrol (curfiews, cencorship, etcetcetc)
Everything is controlled by the government
Totalitarisnism
Single leader
Singer gov
No freedom of press, speech, etc
All speech and press should support the state
Extreme nationalism and pride in the state
No support = traitor
facism
founded by benito mussolini
the leader
Starts in italy but spreads to other areas like germany tto make naziism
What is it?
Centralized control by gov
glorifies the state
aggressive nationalism (glorifies military)
anti-democratic
anti-communistic
benito mussolini
Mad WWI italian vet
Mad how WWI did not get spoils of victory
Speaks out against the government
Will unite italian people against the government of italy (communism and socialism)
Currently, their was a king and a parliament
Corrupt gov and didn’t get anything done
Uses WWI as a platform to get power
Makes facist party
Appeals to people against communism, soicalism, WWI vets
VERY CHARISMATIC SPEAKER and is able to inspire people to his cause
Forms bands of facists (black shirts) and sends them out into the streets of italy to intimidate and assault other political groups
Facists start to win seats and facists now have a strong following and want to made abid for power
March to rome (capital building)
King of italy is afraid for is life
Appoints benito mussolini as prime minister
Dissolves parliament and all other parliaments and now the dictator of italy and known as the "Duchei" which is the leader
what happens when mussolini gets power?
Musulini says he was going to rebuild italy to its prior glory like during reaissacne and roman empire
Made some positive change and makes good on his promise to expand Italy
Start to take colonies (libia) and attacks ethipia but never takes
Promotes growth of roman heritage
Women given medals for having 14+ children bc those babies are now facist and have facist values
Propaganda used to indoctrinate people
Will start to loose in WWII and people start to loose hope in WWII
trotsky vs stalin
After communist gov created, Lenin died of a brain aneurism
Fighting for who to take power
Trotsky
Communist patriot
Lenin's right hand man
Stalin
Worked his way up through the ranks; bully so he gets what he wants
Secretary of the communist part and gain control of the Politburo (makes all policies and laws in party)
Made many connections through fear
Stalin will win out and trosky will be exiled (speaks out against stalin) an murdered
what does stalin do when he is the leader of the USSR?
Initiates 5 yr plan to turn the USSR into an industrialized nation 5 yrs and he does it!
At the expense of his people
Builds facilities to make steel, oil, coal, and electricity
Does not help the people- has very large shortages of consumer products
Living/workng conditions bad
You cant strike bc there is no one to strike against
1000s of people across USSR working for this for no profit bc of communism (have to meet quotas or else punished)
No private buisnesses because eveything is the government's
Collectivization
great purge
socialist realism
gov funded education, healthcare, and daycare
no independent thought, speaking out, etc
collectivisation
collects all farms under state control to make farming estates and sell to people and to other countries
Gov provides tools and equiptment to farm the new land
Famers unhappy because they getting paid less
Many resisted (killed animals and mmore)
Stalin takes everythign from the farmers and didn’t leave any food for the farmers
4-10 mil people die from starvation
great purge
Any political adversary imprisoned
Socialism, democracy, any famous person with big followings
These people sent to gulag labor camps in siberia where people literary cant survive
4 mil citizens executed or imprisoned
Population learned to not defy stalin
cult of personaity
Treating a leader as larger than life (stalin can save me)
socialist realism
Art movement
No wriers or artists can make anythign unless its pro stalin and anti west
nazism
form of facism (dont like communists)
Germany when nazism was on the rise
Doesn’t have an economy
The Weimar republic 19-33
Weak and not able to do much (doesn’t have money)
Start to print more money
Hyperinflation- a single good costed so much money a mark was <$0.01
High unemployment
Doesn’t have support of the people because Weimar signed the treaty that made them pay money and take the blame for the war
People feel betrayed and leaders=traitors
People feel hopeless
Nazi party in general
Nazi party was NOT STARTED BY HITLER
Started by WW1 vet
Hitler joins (WW1 vet) makes it a national party because he is charismatic and made it visible (flags badges uniforms)
Police force: storm troopers (SS) went around a bullied non-nazis
People feel like they need a strong active gov to make change and this is it
gives the people a person to blame for their problems
Nazi party actions
Decide to want to overthrow the Weimar republic
It fails and nazi leaders in jail (Hitler now a celebrity)
Brings national attention to the party
after hitler’s release from prison, nazis start to win seats in the reichstag (parliament)
Pres. Hidenburg feels pressured from extreme groups (nazi and communist) and his advisors convince him that Hitler is a viable option for a Chancellor (prime minister)
Advisors think they can control the Nazis more than the communists and Hitler is appointed as Chancellor legally
Hitler starts to rebuild their military illigally (not allowed to have big military in treaty)
Mein Kampf
(poorly written book) about Hitler’s ideas and people read it (written while he was in jail)
Anti-semitism (anti-jew -> bad economy=bc of jews bc they bankers -> jews gunna take over the world!!)
Anti-communism
Extreme nationalism
Social darwinism (aryans-> most evolved and best in all aspects (Germanic nordic people white, tall, blue eyed))
Lebensraum (aryans (germans) needed more space to live in so we should invade other countries and dominate)
People start to agree with his policies (you can blame jews, communists, etc for German people's problems)
FIRE AT THE REICHSTAG
People believe communists trying to take over
Hitler convinces Reichstag to give his emergency power (enabling act)
He makes himself a dictator
Dissolves the Reichstag and makes it illegal to be any other political party
Dissolves the president
Makes people pledge a loyalty oath to him to obey Hitler
Why so much support?
Gave them a sense of belonging (uniform and emblems)
cult of personality
Sense of structure within party
Hitler will imporve economy and unemployment and will accomplish a lot for they german people
Terror used- if you don’t be a good nazi u are an outcast (internal pressure within germany to belong to nazi party)
Blind loyalty
What does Hitler do when he gets power?
All gov, education, religion, will fall under Hitler's control and state
Control of press and mass media (censorship) to control the one idea that the people believe
Outlaw all political parties
Purge of any person who speaks out, catholic priests, members of other political parties, etc (any anti-nazi)
Jails got too full so they built camps for political dissonance
Continued storm troopers (police concentration camps)
Gestapo is a section of the SS who is the secret police (in reg clothes to find out dissonance)
Will raid homes to find people who are riding
Brings churches, schools, and unis under his control (priests jailed)
Brings youth organizations to indoctrinate the young
Women were to be mother and wife and to make aryan pure race children who will be nazis
Passes the Nuremberg Laws
Nuremberg Laws
(race laws)
Defines what it means to be a jew
Doesn’t matter if u practice, if you have a mom, dad wtvr, you are a jew (only 200,000 people, not a threat)
Stripped them of their outerwear, have to have a star on their clothing, no bikes, no chocolate (limiting their movement), no being a teacher, 100+ laws
Kristallnacht
Night of broken glass
In all over gemrnay and austria and told nazi members to vandalize jewish businesses and synagogues (1000+ businesses destroyed, synagogues burned to the ground, jews killed)
Bc a jew killed a german person in france
Jews sent a tax to clean up the broken glass (1 billion)
WWII overview and new tech
Biggest (61 countries in the world) costliest (5 trillion dollars) deadliest armed (60 million) conflict in the war
Where battles are fought: europe and south pacific
New tech:
Airforce tech
planes with bombs
No more trench warfare bc its useless
Fights in the air1
Bombing of many things (cities)
With radar to detect other planes
Aircraft carrier
Floatable runway
Carry planes for battles at sea and allow for refueling
Ground tech
Artilery
Bug guns and cannons (longer range and more damage)
Tanks WITH guns on them
Now effectively used
Sea tech
Long range subs
With radar tech to detect other subs
Naval ships
Have big artillery canons on them
Used for sea battles
Other
Nylon (for materials and bags)
Rocketry
Atomic bombs
Genova accords
No more poisonous gas (world gets together and decides that poisonous gas/chemical warfare in inhuman and cant be used in warfare)
Aggression/appeasement
Agression
Japan in china/italy in ethiopia/germany in building up military and send troops to rhineland (area in france that they not allowed to be in)
Others say no stop (verbally)
They don’t stop
Appeasement
Give into demands of the aggressor to keep the peace
League of nations don’t have their own army and the nice countries are going through recession/great depression so they have to appease
The aggressors see pacifism (these other countries are weak)
Aggressors: no one gunna stop us lets keep going!!1!!11!
Treaty of Versailles is useless :D
whats going on in spain y r they not in the war
Spain collapses and falls into totalitarianism (victory for italy and germany)
Justifies hitler and musulini and their ideologies
People and questioning their government bc their eco sucks
Francisco franco (general) is loved and people want him as leader and musulini and hitler agree
Launches a coo against government and overthrows the government w/ a civil war
Francisco franco will make a facist government in spain
Become a loose ally to italy and Hitler
How hitler starts to take land
Italy germany and japan will officially sign their allience (rome-berlin-tokyo axis) and named the axis powers
Hitler thinks no one will stop him if he tries to expand (we going to appease bc we don’t want war)
Step 1: marches into austria and takes austria into germany (Anschless)
Step 2: take a part of chezloslovakia (little resistance)
Feels justified bc hes js like otto!!
Prime minister of Gb goes to munich and Hitler says im not gunna invade anymore and these people that I have invaded are german
Prime minister says okay but no more and weve made peace!!
Hitler and Stalin sign a pact (even though they opposites of each other)
To not fight eachother
This is public part!!
So hitler doesn’t have to fight a 2 front war
Says to stalin to invade half of poland and hitler will invade the other and stalin can keep his half
This is secret part!!
How the war officially begins
Axis powers: germany, italy, japan
Allies: GB and France (right now/ later USSR, US, and turkey will join)
Start: Hitler invades Poland
Hitler gets: most of eastern europe, denmark, norway, netherlands, belgium, most of france all in one year
How???- Blitzkrieg
How???- Luftwaffe
Blitzkreig
Fast and powerful, light lightning invasion
Luftwaffe
german airforce
Dunkirk
Coast of belgium where GB troops that are trying to escape german troops and keep backing up
Get killed by Luftwaffe
Small fishing boats from GB rescue 300,000 men
Motivational
Nazi controlled france
New gov will do whatever Hitler france (N and coastal france)
Southern france will fight for independence
Creats A vichi gov
It’s a puppet gov led by the nazis with a nazi person in power
Vichi is new capital
HItler’s attack on GB
Bombs London and factories and radiostations, sattelites (communications) and harbor
GB feels motivated and the royal airforce is determines to fight
Battle of Britain happens for 10 months
57 straight days "the blitz" happens every single day and people hid underground
40,000 people died
GB did not cave in, Hitler did not take over and decided to give up bc its too costly and annoying
Makes GB mo
Hitler’s attack on the soviet union
Oporation barbarossa
Hitlers biggest mistake (too big too cold)
Hitler invades USSR and tries to invade cities (Leningrad, Moscow, Stalingrad)
Gets there quickly with blitzcrieg
Leningrad- germans say seige to (encircle but don’t fight) for 3 years
People start to starve bc cant get anything in or out
10,000s people die starvation, freezing
Germans never get city
USSR victory
Focus on Moscow
Now its winter (troops only have summer clothes)
Troops start to freeze (15,000 men get frostbite)
Failure for the germans
Stalingrad
Where soviet union able to push the germans back
Hitler wants the russian oil
Urban warfare battle fought in a city
Snipers
Stalin gets reinforcements and they encircle the german 6th army and the 6th army surrenders (against hitler's orders)
What triggers when the US joins
US decides we not gunna help japan anymore and not sell them what they need
Japan sees this an economic war and bombs pearl harbor (hawaii)
Alliances kick in (GB and France help US and vice versa, Japan germany and italy help japan)
whats happening in africa?
Italy was fighting over N africa and expand and make med a lake fpr italy
Italy vs GB
Italy stats to loose
Hitler sends troops to Africa to help the fight to get to middle east to get oil
Rommel- desert fox
Mastermind of the surprise attack
Sent to help italians
Start to push back british
N africa taken over by nazis and italians (both facists)
US in war now so we help regain africa from germans and italians and take german prisoners of war
Get go through morocco and Gb goes from egypt and trop germans and push them towards the med sea
Rommel told to abandon his men (200,000 germans captured in N africa-> crushing defeat for axis powers)
Huge victory for the allies and US continues to help liberate more and more bc of african launchpad/base
why did Hitler target specific people?
Rooted in the beief aryan race is best (germans)
Lesser races should be ruled by aryans (jews, slavs, people with diabilities physical and mental, gay people, roma people: countryless people)
Jews main target: why?- jews started to settle in diff areas bc kicked out of homeland a while ago, persecuted for 1000s of years, were bankers, jews taking over everything of society!!!
Gave german people something to blame
Brings a sense of unity
ghettos
Jews moved to ghettos
No plumbing, electricity, etc
Forced to live there
People die and get disease
concentration camps
Eventually sends jews to concentration camps bc ghettos getting to expensive and full
All around europe
Forced to work
Medical expiriements common
Conc camps became continual strain
Final solution: exterminate the jewish people
Hiter’s final plan
Kill the jews
Make perm and mobile gas chambers
6 death camps created
Auswitz is most pop
Step 1: can you work? No-> die | yes-> work until u die
How you die: strip (u gunna go shower!1!!), locked in "shower",u get gassed (remove all O2 from room u asphyxiate)
Corpses burned in cremotorium
gunshots
US role in the war
Us gets brought into the war (it was isolating)
FDR wants US to turn into a weapon storehouse for our allies (arsenal)
US=production
We are able to outsupply people
We brought into war
Japan’s rage on US and sontinual destruction
US is attacked by Japan twice because we are not giving them scarp metal or oil
Japan just hoped by attacking pearl harbor that US would be forced to negociate
Japan bombs pearl harbor
Several warships destroyed and mil of americans dead
US was angry and we declare war
Germany declares war on US
Japan also attacks and invades smaller countries (philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Burma, Hong Kong, Singapore, British malaysia, Dutch East Indies)
Feels that this is righteous because asian nations must be ruled by other asian nations
Philippines was a US territory and now invaded by Japan
US and Philippines fight for Philippines but they run out of resources and will fall to Japan
Butan march
Japan will commit several other war crimes and human expirimentation
Butan march
americans and philippinos in the phillipines were marched 60 mi to the Butan peninsula prisoner of war camp
1000s are dead from literat torture, starvation, and heat
How does Italy get out of the war
Musolini gets simprisoned by his own people because american and GB troops invade sicisly
US troops get to boot of italy and makes their up up italy
Musulini surrenders to the allies
Fighting will still happein italy because germany troops sent to italy to fight allies
Allies continue to win
Musolini rescued from prison and sent to N italy
1944, allied troops liberate N italy
Musulini fleed and gets kidnapped and murdered and dragged through milan and dead body put in in Milan plaza for people to do whatever they want
Italy not fully liberated until end of war bc US pulling soldiers out of italy to prep for D-day
D-Day
Operate to invade France
THE turning point in the war
Operate overlord (jun 6 1944)
Invaded france deceptively (Hitler think from Gb they would invade in N france Calais)
Made blowup tanks and people and would drop metal from airplanes to make ti look like they would invade from Calais
In reality, they planning to invade in Normandy in 5 beaches and 5 divisons (2 US, 2 GB, 1 canadian)
Largest amphibious invasion in the world
Within 3 weeks, they would secure the beaches and by augest, they would liberate paris
France starts to fight on the aliies again
Pushes germany back towards germany in w side (USSR sending germany back to germany)
Yalta conference
FDR, churchhill, stalin meet in russia on what to do at the end of the war
By Battle of berlin, 805 of Berlin reduced to bombing by USSR (taking revenge)
80% of city in rubble
US let them have at it bc russia lost a lot in the war
Hitler commits suicide
April 28 in a underground bunker
Takes cyanide and shoots himself in the face and his wife also takes the cyanide
Makes his people burn his body
VE day
When Germany surrenders
War n europe over (war in pacific still happening)
US island hopping
US adopts "island hopping"
From each island, we will hop to island to island, fight the japanese, and then liberate that island to make it north to japan
Navy coming in from the west
were on okinawa, do we invade or bomb japan?
By 1944, we liberate most of islands and we make it to okinawa (part of japan)
Plans to use okinawa as a launch pad for invasion
Then, we make the atomic bomb and test it
Lots of factors on whether bomb on Okinawa
"no surrender mentality"
Japanese samurai mentality
Better to die in battle then become prisoners of war
Japanese fill planes w bombs and fly into targets (suidide bombers )(kamikaze)
Significant allied deaths from japanese on US
Japan committed several war atrocities (Nanking rape, butan march, human experimentation)
1.5 mil men would die in they invaded
Pres. Trumen says dropping bomb is safer and cost less lives lost
Japan bombs
Bombs Hiroshima
Factories that makes war material
80,000 people evaporated
140,000 people die in total
Japanese still don’t surrender
Bombs Nagsaki
Less civillion death, same results
Emperor Hirohito surrenders
VJ day!
Victory in Japan!!!
Overall Effects of the war
Japan rebuilds
Germany is divided, yet rebuilds
DEATH
Nuremburg trias
creation of united nations
Women get more rights
decolonization
US and USSR new superpowers
rebuilding the nations
Japan occupied by US and it develops a new democracy
Japan and US allies
Germany is divided
W side is developed by the US
E side developed by USSR
Italy surrendered before when US invided Italy
Italy not seen as a major threat anymore
Suporiised rebuilding but not as occupied as Japan and Germany
overall death
60 mil across planet
30 mil of that was civillians
11 mil in Holocaust
6 mil jews
USSR faces most deaths
Nuremberg Trials
Those in charge of killing camps put on trials for crimes
Held in Nuremberg (on purpose)
Not overwhelmingly successful (all top nazi leaders commited suicide anyway)
United nations
Created to keep peace
Voluntary organization that countries can be a part of
Security council leads the UN, 5 permanent members in this group, 6 other spaces rotating
US
GB
France
Russia
China
Help refuges free in civil war
Help with disease
women after the war
In western world only
Most women would get right to vote
Women got more social equality after the war
More access to unis and education
They had womens colleges and now women and men go to same college
Cult of domesticity declining and can have more of a public life (jobs)
decolonization
Gb and France were devastatied that they js let the colonies go
US emerges as superpower (we had little to rebuild, good economy, etc)
We like to have an anti-colony country so we put pressure on the world to decolonize
USSR a superpower and doesn’t like colonization
US and USSR new superpowers
Both try to promote their own thing (capitalization demo/capitalism) in new countries
Turns into cold war
How is USSR a superpower even with devastation?
Makes puppet gov in E europe all allies to russia
Makes USSR quite powerful
USSR tests an atomic bomb and has atomic weapons
How is US a superpower?
we didnt fight a war physically in our country
nothing to rebuild
good economy
Essay
what 2 causes are the most important of WW2