Worktext in Understanding the Self Practice Flashcards

Practice flashcards covering philosophical, sociological, anthropological, psychological, and self-management perspectives as detailed in the course worktext.

What is the etymological origin of the word 'Philosophy'?

It is derived from the Greek words 'Philos' and 'Sophia' literally meaning 'Love for Wisdom'.

How is Philosophy defined in the context of human nature?

The study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and inquiries involves answering questions regarding the nature and existence of man and the world.

Why are we only able to know the works of Socrates despite them never being published?

Because his illustrious students, such as Plato, spoke and wrote about his knowledge and wisdom in detail.

Who could be considered the first martyr of education, knowledge, and philosophy?

Socrates.

What charges led to the death of Socrates?

He was charged with corruption of minors for lighting up the minds of his students.

What was the choice given to Socrates after his charge?

He was made to choose between exile and death via the intake of hemlock.

According to Socrates, what is the prerequisite for acquisition of knowledge?

The acceptance of ignorance or the humility to acknowledge one's own ignorance.

What is the Socratic Method?

A method of internal questioning or introspection where a person assumes the role of both teacher and student.

Who is known historically as the father of the academy?

Plato.

According to Plato, who is the only person suited to lead the world?

A Philosopher king who is both virtuous and intelligent.

What are the three parts of the soul according to Plato?

The Appetitive, Spirited, and Rational Soul.

What drives the Appetitive Soul as defined by Plato?

The desire and need to satisfy oneself, including physical needs, pleasures, and desires.

What characterizes the Spirited Soul?

It is the courageous part of a person that wants to right wrongs and is very competitive.

What is the function of the Rational Soul?

It is the conscious mind that thinks and plans for the future, deciding what to do and when to do it.

What is the focal point of St. Augustine’s philosophical work?

How God and His teachings affect various aspects of life and the importance of mending one's relationship with God.

How did St. Augustine view the act of doubting and questioning one's life?

He believed that the more one doubts and questions, the more it proves that the person is actually living.

Who is known as the father of modern philosophy?

Rene Descartes.

What is the meaning of the Latin phrase 'Cogito Ergo Sum'?

'I think therefore I am'.

According to Descartes, why can the body and its perceptions not be fully trusted?

Because they can be easily deceived, such as when dreams feel real or when distance affects the perception of size.

What is Descartes' 'Methodical Doubt'?

A continuous process of questioning what we perceive and accepting that doubting is a part of one's existence.

Which philosopher is considered the father of Classical Liberalism?

John Locke.

What does the concept 'Tabula Rasa' refer to?

It means a 'Blank Slate,' referring to Locke's belief that a person is born with knowing nothing.

According to John Locke, what establishment defines who a person can become?

Experiences and perceptions.

What did David Hume argue regarding the concept of a permanent 'self'?

He argued that there is no permanent self and that identity is only the accumulation of different impressions.

What were the three fields of focus in David Hume’s work?

Empiricism, Skepticism, and Naturalism.

What was Immanuel Kant’s response to Hume regarding the definition of a person?

Kant argued that awareness of emotions and behavior is only part of the self and requires consciousness to synthesize experiences.

What is 'Transcendental Apperception' according to Kant?

An essence of consciousness that provides a basis for understanding 'self' by synthesizing accumulation of experiences, intuition, and imagination.

Who is known as the father of psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud.

In Freud’s personality aspects, what is the ID?

The child aspect of a person driven by the pleasure principle and self-gratification.

What is the function of the SUPEREGO?

It acts as the conscience, upholding justice and doing what is morally right and socially acceptable.

What is the role of the EGO in Freud's theory?

The mediator or 'Police' that operates within reality to maintain ID impulses to an acceptable degree.

Where are the majority of memories stored according to Freud’s levels of consciousness?

In the Unconscious.

What is the 'Pre-conscious' level of consciousness?

The middle part of consciousness where memories can be accessed with a little difficulty.

According to Gilbert Ryle, what is the 'self'?

The self is the behavior presented by the person; behaviors, emotions, and actions are reflections of the mind.

What was Gilbert Ryle's 'ghost in the machine' view?

Man is a complex machine where intelligence and behavior are represented by a 'ghost' in that machine.

How does Paul Churchland define the 'self'?

The self is defined by the movements of the brain.

What is 'eliminative materialism' in Churchland’s philosophy?

The idea that common sense understanding of the mind is false and that most mental states do not actually exist.

What is 'Neurophilosophy'?

The belief that understanding behavior requires understanding the neurological movements of the brain and how they affect the body.

Who authored the statement 'The Brain as the Self'?

Paul Churchland and his wife.

How did Merleau-Ponty view the relationship between the mind and body?

They are not separate entities but are one and the same.

What is the 'Phenomenology of Perception'?

A division of the self into The Body, The Perceived World, and The People and the World.

Which psychological branch did Merleau-Ponty's perception theory follow?

Gestalt psychology, focusing on the whole rather than the sum of its parts.

Who is considered the Father of American pragmatism?

George Herbert Mead.

What did George Herbert Mead reject regarding the development of the self?

He rejected the idea of biological determination, proposing instead that the self develops through social interaction.

What are the two components of the self according to Mead?

The 'I' and the 'Me'.

In Mead's theory, what is the 'Me'?

The attitudes and behavior of a person with reference to their social environment following the 'generalized others'.

In Mead's theory, what is the 'I'?

The reaction of the individual to the attitude of others and the manifestation of individuality.

What are Mead's three role-playing stages of self-development?

The Preparatory Stage, the Play Stage, and the Game Stage.

What age range defines the Preparatory Stage according to Mead?

$Birth - 2$ years old.

What characterizes children in the Play Stage ($2 - 6$ years old)?

They begin to interact with rules they set themselves and practice real-life situations through pretend play.

What is the characteristic of the Game Stage ($6 - 9$ years old)?

Children recognize rules of the game and identify their roles and the roles of others.

What are the four main sub-disciplines of anthropology?

Sociocultural, archeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology.

What is the difference between Ethnography and Ethnology?

Ethnography requires fieldwork for specific group data, while ethnology uses research data for cross-cultural comparison.

What does Archeological Anthropology reconstruct?

Human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains like plants, animals, and ancient garbage.

What is 'enculturation'?

The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations.

How did Geertz describe culture in $1973$?

A system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms used to communicate and develop knowledge about life.

What is the distinction between the 'I' and the 'Me' in early modern psychology?

The self as 'I' is the person knower, and the self as 'Me' is the person that is known.

Who introduced the concepts of the 'me-self' and 'I-self' in 'The Principles of Psychology' ($1890$)?

William James.

What are the sub-categories of the self according to William James?

The material self, the social self, and the spiritual self.

What constitutes the Material Self according to James?

Our bodies, clothes, immediate family, and home.

Which self is described as the most intimate by William James?

The spiritual self, involving moral sensibility, conscience, and will.

What is Carl Rogers' 'Person-centered therapy'?

A non-directive intervention based on the belief that all people have the potential to solve their own problems.

What are the three sides of Carl Rogers' triangle of self?

The Perceived Self, the Real Self, and the Ideal Self.

How does Kenneth Gergen’s concept of 'self' differ from Freud’s?

Gergen argued for multiple 'selves' and potential selfhood, whereas Freud viewed humans as unified beings.

What is the 'Fake Self' as defined in psychology?

A defense facade that overlays or contradicts the original sense of self, often to conceal emptiness.

What is the primary focus of Western culture regarding the self?

Egoism and personal needs.

What is the primary focus of Eastern culture regarding the self?

Collectivism and the feelings of others.

In Eastern culture, what determines wealth and poverty?

Fortune and luck.

In Western culture, what determines wealth and poverty?

Enterprise and hard work.

What is 'Atman' in Hinduism?

The spiritual essence of all individual human beings.

What is 'Brahman' in Hinduism?

The spiritual essence of the universe.

What is the Filipino concept of 'Kapwa'?

The recognition of a shared identity or an inner self shared with others.

What are the two modes of social interaction in Filipino Psychology?

Ibang-tao ('outsider') and hindi ibang-tao ('one-of-us').

What is the difference between behavior in Individualism versus Collectivism?

Individualists behave based on attitudes; collectivists behave based on norms and in a communal way.

How did Wilhelm Reich view the mind and body?

He argued that mind and body are one, with psychological and physical processes being interchangeable.

According to Erik Erikson, when is the role of bodily organs especially important?

During early developmental stages of a person's life.

How did B.F. Skinner view the role of the body?

He stated that the role of the body is of primary importance.

What are the three types of self-esteem mentioned in the worktext?

Inflated Self-Esteem, High Self-Esteem, and Low Self-Esteem.

What is 'Inflated Self-Esteem'?

Holding high regards of oneself, feeling better than others to the point of underestimating them.

What are Freud's psychosexual stages?

Oral, anal, phallic, and genital.

What triggers the start of male sexual behavior at puberty?

The testes begin secreting androgens (male sex hormones).

What hormones do the ovaries produce at puberty in females?

Estrogens and progesterone.

What is the source of Spermatozoa?

The Testis.

What is the function of the Scrotum?

It is a sac of skin that envelopes the two testes outside of the abdomen.

Where does a fertilized ovum (zygote) develop into a baby?

The Uterus or womb.

What is the function of the Fallopian Tube?

A pair of thin tubes that leads ova from the ovaries to the uterus.

What is the 'gestation period' for a human pregnancy?

Around $9$ months.

What are erogenous zones?

Parts of the body particularly sensitive to touch, pressure, and vibration that contribute to sexual arousal.

What are the four phases of sexual response according to Johnson & Master ($1966$)?

Arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

What is the physiological sign of the arousal phase in males?

Penile tumescence (erection).

What is the physiological sign of the arousal phase in females?

Vasocongestion leading to vaginal lubrication and nipple erection.

What happens during the resolution stage of sexual arousal?

Decrease of arousal, genitals resume unaroused state, and blood pressure/heart rate return to normal.

Define 'Heterosexuality'.

Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex.

What is the difference between Homosexuality and Bisexuality?

Homosexuals are attracted to the same sex; Bisexuals are attracted to both the same and other sex.

What do transsexuals believe about their bodies?

They believe they were born with the body of the other gender.

What is 'Transgenderism'?

People who view themselves as a third gender, including transvestites or those not fitting traditional male-female classifications.

What is 'Natural Contraception'?

Birth control depending on observations of the woman's fertility signals like menstrual cycles.

What is the failure rate of the Calendar Method?

25 \text{%}.

What is Basal Body Temperature ($BBT$)?

The woman’s body temperature at rest, used to detect ovulation signs.

When is a woman fertile according to the Cervical Mucus Method?

When the cervical mucus is profuse and watery.