exploration

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**Analyze the Columbian Exchange. (most important result of exploration)**

1. The impact of the New World and the Old World
2. Exchange of plants, animals, people (between Europe, Asia, Africa, and Americas)


1. from the Americas to Europe, Asia, and Africa


1. potato: changed european agriculture and diet (easy to grow, long storage, feeds animals and humans)
2. chocolate
3. tobacco 
4. corn (maize) 
2. From Europe, Asia, and Africa to Americas 


1. Sugar cane
2. horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats
3. grains: wheat and rice
4. honey bees
3. Disease (from Europe, Asia, and Africa) 


1. big impact on Native Americans


1. reduced native population by 90%? (depopulation) 
2. Rapid spread


1. smallpox
2. measles
3. influenza
4. common cold
4. Demography


1. loss of some native plants and animals
2. introduction of new plants and animals
3. exchange of people 

1. **Describe the rise of cash crop economies in the Americas.**

1. Cash crop: grow for sale


1. ex. Sugar cane, tobacco
2. Made some areas dependent on food imports
3. environmental issues

**What effects on the environment of cash crop economies**

1. environmental issues include


1. soil depletion
2. deforestation
3. destruction of ecology 

1. **Why were Europeans able to dominate global trade networks by 1600?**

1. trading post empires with portuguese, dutch, english, and french 
2. purpose: trade contacts with indigenous population  (no missionary, no settlers)
3. expanded role of Europeans


1. exchange and transportation of goods within Asian and between Asia, Africa, and Europe
2. Transoceanic trade (ports supply depots, and emporia) 

* why? Better armament and better ships 

1. **Review the timeline of the growth of European participation in global trade networks from 1400 to 1800?**

* 1400: Arab merchants dominated IOB trade

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* 1600: Europeans as numerous as Arabs in IOB

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* 1650: Europeans displaced Arabs in IOB

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* 1700: British and French merchants dominated IOB trade

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* 1800: British control IOB trade

**Describe the Pacific trade networks. What was the role of the “Manila galleons”?**

Pacific Trade Networks: 


1. Manilla galleons


1. linked New World with Asian via the Pacific
2. Mexican/Peruvian silver for Chinese goods 


1. silk
2. porcelain 
3. jade 
2. Philippines: point of contact


1. europeans 
2. chinese 

**What were the origins of the Atlantic slave?**

Late Middle Ages/Renaissance

* 1441: Portuguese began “slave raids”
* Africans ready to provide slaves
* 1460: 500 slaves per year sold to work as miners, porters, domestic servants in Spain and Portugal

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**Beginnings of Atlantic Slave Trade**

* Portuguese
* Exploration of West Africa
* Trade opportunities
* Fortified coastal bases
* Protect traders
* Re-supply ships

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* Established colonies
* Cape Verde Islands
* Canary Islands
* Brazil

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* 1440’s: Bought slaves from African rulers

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* Brought slaves to colonies for sugar production

1. **What were the reasons for the Atlantic slave trade?**

* Demand for plantation labor


1. Diseases killed Native American population, inhumane treatment, all dying so…
2. New source of labor: African slaves 
3. Introduction of sugar cane

\n Reaction to treatment of Native Americans

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1. ***Encomienda***


1. ***Origins in Reconquista***
2. ***Grant of land and labor***
3. ***Abuse of Native Americans*** 

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2. Bartolome de las Casas


1. Protector of Native Americans
2. Suggested African slaves to replace Native American slaves
3. Later, regretted suggestion

**What factors contributed to the expansion of slavery and the slave trade?**

* Introduction of sugar cane
* Caribbean islands
* Plantation system
* Increased the need for labor

 

* Slave trade
* Portuguese
* Dutch
* later, English and French

 

* Competition among European states for control of slave trade led to series of wars 

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* Expansion to English colonies
* Tobacco
* 1619 – first African slaves introduced into Virginia
* 1791 – cotton gin invented

**What was the Middle Passage**

 Middle Passage 


1. Horrific conditions
2. 4-6 weeks
3. Mortality  rate


1. Initially high, often over 50%,
2. Eventually declined to 5%

* Total slave traffic: 15th-18th c. 12 million


* Approximately 4 million died before arrival

**How did the slave trade affect Africa**

* Impact on Africa
* Many African rulers participated in the slave trade
* Political  impact
* New African states emerged dependent upon slave trade
* Rivalry and warfare over control of slave trade
* Introduction of gunpowder weapons

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* Social impact


* Decline in male population of West Africa
* Increase in polygamy
* Population remained constant or increased due to American foods: manioc and maize

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**What economic factors led to the abolitionist movement?**

* There were economic costs of slavery 
* Military expenses to prevent rebellions
* 18th century: price of sugar falls, price of slaves rises
* Benefits of wage labor  vs. slaves
* More efficient
* Wage-earners can spend income on manufactured goods

1. **Trade the abolition of the slave trade and of slavery?**

End of the slave trade

* Abolition of slave trade
* Denmark (1803)
* Great Britain (1807) 
* United States (1808)
* France (1814) 
* Netherlands (1817)
* Spain (1845)

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* Possession of slaves remained legal
* Clandestine trade continued until 1867

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**Abolition of slavery**

* Emancipation of slaves 
* British colonies (1833) 
* French colonies (1848)
* U.S. (1865)
* Brazil (1888)
* Angola (1960)

**Where does slavery exist today?**

Slavery still exists in

* Saudi Arabia
* Parts of south asia (debt slavery)
* Debt slavery: Asia and Latin America 
* Human trafficking 

1. Treaty of Tordesillas

Collection information. The Treaty of Tordesillas of 7 June 1494 involved agreements between King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and King John II of Portugal establishing a new demarcation line between the two crowns, running from pole to pole, 370 leagues to the west of Cape Verde islands.

1. Manila galleons

The Manila galleons were Spanish trading ships which for two and a half centuries linked the Spanish Crown’s Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, with the Asian territories, collectively known as the Spanish East Indies, across the Pacific Ocean

**What are the misconnections about the pre-Columbian Americas**

1. The people of pre-Columbian America were considered to be backwards and inferior to the Europeans.
2. The wonders of the Americas were thought to be made by aliens.
3. The people of the Americas were thought to lack the ability to innovate

**What are the realities of the pre-Columbian America?**

1. Machu Picchu was the work of the Kechua Indians.
2. The Incan empire had a vast network of roads.
3. Mayas had advanced mathematics.
4. The Americas had innovation in the textile industry.

1. **Describe European trade in the Middle Ages. What role did the Crusades, the Mediterranean, Constantinople and the Mongols have in this trade?**

1. crusades


1. increased contact between europe and the east 
2. demand for asian products 
2. mediterranean 
3. constantinople 


1. center of east/west trade
2. emporium 
3. govt monopoly 
4. mongols 


1. Safe trans-continental travel

1. **What changes in the political situation in the Mediterranean region led to European exploration?**

1. collapse of mongol empire 
2. rise of ottoman turks -- gained control in mediterranean
3. had to search for new trade routes

**What technological innovations made transoceanic exploration possible?**

1. compass
2. astrolabe 
3. wind wheels
4. ship and sail design 

**What were the motives for European exploration**

1. trade, profit, and wealth 
2. international rivalry 
3. spread christianity

**How did the rise of powerful Atlantic nation states affect exploration?**

1. they had resources for exploration
2. england, france, spain ^^

1. **Describe the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French experiences in the IOB.**


1. **portuguese**

1. first to set up trading posts
2. Alfonso d’Alboquerque: architect of trade duties, figured out strategic locations


2. dutch & english


1. rivalry due to parallel trading networks
2. english focused on indian trade
3. french 

**What was the Commercial Revolution**

1. revival and expansion of trade AFTER bubonic plague 
2. increased population, demand for clothing/food, demand for labor 
3. expansion of international trade
4. growing importance of merchants (had wealth and influence)
5. merchants TO entrepreneurs TO bankers/investors
6. \*wealth is NOW merchants money NOT land owned by nobles\*

**What was the role of entrepreneurs?**

1. participating in overseas ventures 
2. willing to take risks
3. expanded global trade

**Trace the rise of banking**

1. began with the NEED for capital 
2. wealthy merchants became bankers
3. banking dynasties???

**What was a joint stock company?**

1. made to reduce risk
2. purchase shares (share the risk and profit)

1. **What factors contributed to the growth of capitalism?**

1. population growth
2. american foods led to an improved diet 
3. decline in epidemic disease
4. decreased mortality rate
5. more demand for commodities

1. **What developments supported early capitalism?**

1. banks bc they could safeguard funds and make loans 
2. business newspapers 
3. BIG insurance companies 
4. stock exchange

**Compare the old method of production with the new method of production**

1. old method:


1. guilds: provided training, ensured quality, set prices \*too restrictive for entrepreneurs\*
2. new method:


1. proto-industrialization: utilized farmers down time and easier in rural areas
2. each person had a different job in the process (assembly lines) led to factories 

1. **What was the relationship between capitalism and the social order? Morality? The growth of empires?**

1. rural areas had more access to manufactured goods
2. nuclear families REPLACED extended families 
3. women entered the income- earning workforce 
4. governments supported it (england and netherlands in particular)
5. govt supported merchants and merchants supported govt and taxes

**Describe mercantilism**

1. more important to sell then buy 
2. more important to sell manufactured goods then raw materials
3. SAY MORE!!

**What were the origins of the Atlantic slave?**

1. portuguese found west africa -- trade opportunities 
2. established colonies (cape verde and canary islands) and brazil

**Which state was the first participant in the Atlantic slave trade?**

1. portuguese