Body Fluids and Circulation

composition of plasma in blood?

55%

function of albumins

maintain osmotic pressure

types of Globulins

1. alpha

2. beta'

3. gamma

function of fibrinogen

clotting of blood

composition of transporting substances?

Ions, hormones, O2, CO2, nutrients, enzymes etc.

 Compostion of formed elements of blood?

45%

formed elements of blood?

1. RBC’s

2. WBC’s

3. Platelets

another name of RBC

erythrocyctes

RBC count

5- 5 million

rise of RBC

polycythemia

fall of RBC

Erythropenia

vitamins responsible for maturation of RBC

vitamin B- 12 and B-9

amount of Hb in a RBC

250 million

what is formation of RBC called?

erythropoiesis

formation of RBC

in adults- Red Bone Marrow

in children - yolk sac

life span of RBC

120 days

graveyard of RBC

spleen

why is it called WBC

absence of Hb

WBC count

6000-8000

rise of WBC

leucocytosis

fall of WBC

leucocytopenia

formation of WBC is called

leucopoiesis

two types of WBC

1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

examples of Granulocytes

1. Neutrophils

2. Basophils

3. Eoisnophils / Acidophils

Examples of Agranulocytes

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

Neutrophils

• 60-65%

• multilobed nucleus'

• granules storing hydrolytic enzymes

• phagocytic cell

• called neutrophils cuz can be stained by neutral dyes

• first to reach at sight of infection

• most abundant

• PMNLs - Polymorpho nuclear leucocytes

Acidophils/Eosinophils

• 2-3%

• can be stained using acidic dyes( e.g. eosin)

• ameoba like sturcture

• bilobed

• presences of granules

• bilobed nucleus

• granules containing anti histamines

• usually at inflammatory and allergic reactions

Basophils

• 0.5-1%

• can be stained using basic dyes

• trilobed nucleus

• granules containing histamines, seratonin, and heparin

• mast cells of blood

• responsible for inflammation

Monocytes

• 6-8%

• phagocytic cells

• ea shaped/ horse shaped shaped nucleus

• formation of macrophages of body

Lymphocytes

• 20- 25%

• central large nucleus

• T and B lymphocytes

T- Lymphocytes

• direct;y goes to the site of infection

• cell mediated immunity

B - Lymphocytes

• dont directly attack the infection but observe and produce antibodies

• Antibody mediated immunity

thrombocytes a.k.a

platelets

platelets count

1.5-3.5 lakh

rise of platelets

thrombocytosis

fall of platelets

thrombocytopenia

formation of platelets

thrombopoiesis

what is platelstes formed from

megakaryocytes

who introduced ABO blood grouping method?

Karl Landsteiner

why is it called Rh factor

first discovered in rhesus monkey

universal donor

O -ve

universal recipient

AB +ve

erythroblastosis foetalis

blood disorder when the mothers antibodies attack the forstus blood cells

total no. of clotting fcators

13

13 clotting factors

1. Fibrinogen

2. Prothrombin

3. thromboplastin

4. ca2+

5. proaccelerin

7. proconvertin

8. antihaemophillic factor A

9. Antihaemophillic Fcator B

10. Stuart power factor

11. plasma thromboplasim antecedent

12. hageman factor

13. fibrin

what is lymph

plasma without large plasma proteins but with WBC is tissue fluid/lymph

two lymphatic ducts

1. right lymphatic duct

2. thoracic duct

right lymphatic duct

• right side of the upper body

• drain into right subclavian vein

thoracic duct

• largest

• lower body; left side of upper body

• into left subclavian vein

2 component of lymph

1. interstial fluid

2. tissue fluid

lymph

• colourless

• lymphocytes

• responsible for immune responses of the body

• plasma and WBC

• lymphatic capillaries, vessls,nodes, and ducts

lymphatic capillaries

• smallest vessel

• microscopic

• close ended tubes

• composed of endothelial cells with porous junctions

• have valves to prevent backflow

• drain into siperior vena cava

where are lymph nodes majorly present?

• neck

• groin

• armpits

• tonsils

• thymus

• spleen

what does lymph transport?

• o2

• nutrients

• hormoes

why is lymphatic system known as venous system?

carries deoxy blood

where is heart present?

media stinal space tilted towards left into the cardiac notch

what does coronary sinus blood vessel do?

brings deoxy blood from muscles of heart and drains into right atrium

which is larger right or left atrium and why?

• right atrium larger

• brings deoxy blood from whole body

why is the opening of pulmonary veins oblique?

prevents backflow and therefore no need of valves

where is tricuspid and bicuspid valves present?

• tri - right atrium and ventricle

• bi - left atrium and ventricle

why are walls of atrium thinner than walls of ventricles

ventricles have to pump to the whole body

chordae tendinae

• fibrous cord like structures

• attached to papillary msucles and the valves

• help in unidirectional opening and closing of valves

3 heart septum

• interatrial/ interatricular spetum ( thin muscular)

• interventricular septum (thick muscular)

• atrio ventricular spetum(thick fibrous)

why is heart called myogenic?

can generate its own impulse

2 types of cardiac muscle tissue

1. nodal tissue (SAN, AVN, Bundle of HIS, purkinje fibers)

2. Contractile tissue

nodal tissue

• specialized cardiac muscle fibre

• ability to generate its own impulse

SAN

• sino atrial node

• pacemaker'

• generate 70-75 impulses a minute

• right atrium

AVN

• atrio ventricular node

• pacesetter

• recives impulse and sends to ventricles

• can generate impulse but at a lower pace ( 40-45)

• right atrium

contractile tissue

• recives the signal generated by nodal tissue and contracts as a result

• delay of 0.1 second to ensure 100% filling of ventricles

Bundle of HIS

• attached to AVN

purkinje fibers

• extensions of bundle of HIS

heart rate

72 times in 60 sec = 1 time in 0.8 sec

cardiac cycle?

sequential contraction as well as relaxation of all the chambers of the heart in a heart beat is called one cardiac cycle.

systole and diastole

systole- contraction

diastole- relaxation

ventricular systole?

closure of AV valve

LUBB sound

low intensity

long duration

no change in vol. blood during contraction

opening of Semilunar valves

ventricular diastole

• closure of SL valves

• DUP sound

• high intensity

• short duration

• isovolumetric relaxation

• opening of AV valves

• rapid filling of evntricles

end diastolic colume (EDV)

• vol. present in the ventricles at the end of ventricular diastole

• 120 mL

end systolic volume

• vol. of blood presnt in the ventricles at the end of ventricular systole

• 50mL

stroke volume

• volume pumped by each ventricle in one cardiac cycle

• 5mL

cardiac output C.O

• vol. pumped by each ventricle in one minute

• S.V x Heart rate

• 5040mL= 5L

what is stethoscope used for?

hearing heart sound

Heart murmur?

• additional/extra heart sound heared during cardiac cycle

• could be due to random opening and clsoing of heart valves

what does the parasympathetic and symathetic nervous system do?

• para- dec. heart rate

• symp- inc heart rate

≤60 heart bat / min

bradycardia

≥ 60 thear beat/ min

tacjycardia

acetylcholine

• decreases heart rate

• neuro transmitter of parasympathetic NS

• received by cardiac muscle fibers

adrenaline

• increase heart rate

• neurotransmitter of sympathetic NS

• nor-adrenaline also inc heart rate but isnt Neurotransmitter of sympathetic NS

thyroxine

• inc heart rate

ECG

• electrocardiogram

• graphical representation of the electrical activity of heart

• +ve wave( P, R, T) and -ve waves( Q and S)

what is polarisation, depolarisation, and repolarisation

• polarisation: resting

• depolarization: excited stage

• repolarization: moving back to resting stage

electrocardiograph

instrumenr used to checl electrical activities of the heart