chapter 15

Immune system: collection of ____, ____, ___, and ____, that differentiate between self and non-self and rid the host of foreign particles.

organs, tissues, cells, products

from incubation of infection until its cleared, immediate but not specific (type of immunity)

Innate immunity

Takes until prodomal phase to delevop but highly specific, responds quickly if infected with same organism again (type of immunity)

Adaptive immunity

Blood contains

Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets

White blood cells differentiate into

myeloid or lymphoid stem cells

myeloblast/ Polymorphonuclear leukocytes: are myeloid cells seperated into _______ and _______ , ______

Neutrophils and Basophils, Eosinophils

Neutrophils comprise most of the ____ ____ ____ where a _______ fuses with lysosome releasing enzymes that kill microbes

white blood cells, phagosome

______ and ______ do not phagocytose microbes instead they release products that are _____ to microbes (affect blood vessel permeability and diameter)

Basophils Eosinophils, toxic

_____ cells in connective tissue and _____, mast cells contain ______ and heparin filled granules that play a key role in wound healing and inflammation while also bearing receptors for _____ associated antibodies.

Mast, mucosa, histamine, allergy

Monocytes _____ or engulf foreign particles. Circulate in blood; migrate into _______ and differentiate into macrophages or _______ cells

Phagocytose, tissues, dendritic

______ phagocytose or engulf part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and are most likely to make ____ contact with invaders (tissues)/ APCs.

macrophages, first

_____ cells are located in ____ and _____ nodes. They are APCS.

dendritic, spleen lymph

Antigen-presenting cell (APC)….

engulfs a pathogen, digests it, and then displays their antigens to the immune system

Variations in the types of ____ _____ _____ present provide the clinician valuable information for example if you have an infection/_______ you might have an _____ total

white blood cell, allergy, elevated

if you have a bacterial infection you might have elevated _______ but if you have a viral infection you might have elevated ______

neutrophils, lymphocytes

Parasitic infection you might have elevated ________ which are important because you have a very low baseline for this type of WBC so having it elevated is a major indicator

eosinophils

Primary lymphoid organs: __ cells and __ cells of adaptive immunity mature

B T

Lymph nodes: important secondary ____ organ, they detect ______ from surrounding tissues

lymphoid, pathogens

You _____ is a good physical barrier because it is constantly shedding, closely packed keratinocytes (______ not degraded by any known microbial enzymes), _____ inhibits pathogen growth, and Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (SALT) comprised of _____ cells (dendritic cells) that engulf invading microbes and carry them to lymphoid tissues to activate T cells.

skin, keratin, competition, Langerhans

_____ membranes are selectively permeable, musuc traps microbes, ______ cuts the cell walls ______ w/ O2 is a bacteria-killing compound, host cells recognize MAMPs like peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide

Mucous, lysozyme lactoperoxidase

GALT (____-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) is the largest immune system in your body, are made of ____ patches, tonsils, and adenoids

Gut, peyers

Peyers patches sample intestinal _____ to see what’s there (good or bad), _ ____ or microfold cells transport grab foreign particles and pass them to the main immune cells

microbes, M cells

the lungs have a ______ elevator (escalator) that trap micrbes in mucus and push them up, and _______ macrophages Ingest and kill invaders

Mucociliary, Alveolar

______ are small cationic peptides with antimicrobial activity that the host cells make that destroy microbial _______ membrane

Defensins, cytoplasmic

Inflammation is an indication of ________ engulfing microbial envaders (sometimes white pus)

Neutrophils

Five cardinal signs of inflammation (HERPA) stands for

Heat, Edema, Redness, Pain, Altered function

Acute Inflammation

________ factors – increase vascular permeability; increase diameter of blood vessels and _____ tight junctions so WBC can get into effected tissues

Vasoactive, relax

Acute Inflammation

_______ slows blood flow (so WBC in blood flow have time to get into tissues) and increases blood ______ to affected area (more WBC)

Vasodilation, volume

Acute Inflammation

_______ movement of WBCs out of blood _____ to affected area

Extravasation, vessels

______ inflammation can result from persistent presence of foreign body, body may try to “wall off” infection called a _____ making permanent tissue damage (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Chronic, granuloma

you need checks to make sure cells dont go around phagocytosis (englifing) good host cells or else you will get an immune disorder _____ allows them to recognize a host cell, some cells have a ______ making phagocytosis difficult

CD47, capsule

______ is an immune process where foreign particles are tagged with molecules called ________, marking them for easy recognition, attachment, and destruction by phagocytic cells.

Opsonization, opsonins

After engulfment, the organism is trapped in a ______ where _____ fusion occurs forming phagolysosome

phagosome, Lysosome

_____ burst occurs in phagolysosome, its a defensive release of reactive oxygen species to kill whatever was engulfed

Oxidative

some species can survive phagocytosis (escaping/ stoping lysosome fusion/ inducing cell ______ or cell death)

apoptosis

Once neutrophils have finished their job in ______ they undergo apoptosis and the dead neutrophils are engulfed by ______

phagocytosis, macrophages

_______ warn other cells to increase viral defenses and are ___ specific but virus nonspecific

Interferonis, host

_____ _____ cells responsible for killing host cells that are _______ or harboring microbes

Natural Killer, cancerous

______ indicates a cell is “self;” during infection or due to cancer host cells can lose this marker notifying a natural killer cell

MHC I

____-____ receptors are able to recognize MAMPs and respond quickly

Toll-like

______ is a natural reaction to infection and removes organism from “comfort zone”and _____ are the substances capable of causing this

Fever, pyrogens

_______ are 20 proteins in the blood that help prevent blood infections but this has to be _____

Complement, activated

_______ compliment depends on antibody/adaptive immune system; _____ respond to pathogen immediately

Classical, can’t

______ compliment is a quick response as it does not require _____ or adaptive immunity

Alternative, antibody

– requires mannose binding this via the liver; this then coats surface of microbes and activates other complement components

Lectin

types of polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Basophil

The acronym MALT stands for ______ -associated lymphoid tissue.

mucosa