GCSE RE

Shekinah

First: what does

Shekhinah

mean?

Shekhinah = the divine presence of God.

Basically, it refers to God’s presence being experienced or manifested among His people on Earth.

There are several ways Jewish people understand/experience the Shekhinah:

• Tabernacle — the portable sanctuary used by the Israelites in the wilderness was understood as a dwelling place of God’s presence.

Shekinah understanding

• Temple — God’s presence was associated with the Temple in Jerusalem.

Shekinah understanding

• Pillar of cloud/fire — during the Israelites’ journey through the wilderness, God’s presence was manifested through a cloud by day and fire by night.

Shekinah understanding

• Prayer — the Shekhinah can be experienced when Jews gather together to pray.

Shekinah understanding

• Study — God’s presence can also be experienced when people study Jewish religious texts together.

Shekinah understanding

• Ner tamid — the eternal/ever-burning light in a synagogue can symbolise God’s continual presence.

Shekinah understanding

• Western Wall — some Jews understand God’s presence as particularly associated with this holy site.

Shekinah understanding

Talmud teaches that when ten people pray together, the Shekhinah is present among them,

Shekinah quote

“Let them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them.”

Tabernacle as a place where God’s presence dwells among the Israelites.

Explain two ways in which Jewish people may experience the Shekhinah. [4 marks]

✓ Point: Shekhinah can be experienced through prayer.
✓ Explanation: Jews come together to pray and experience God’s presence.

✓ Point: The ner tamid can represent God’s presence.
✓ Explanation: The everlasting light symbolises God’s continual presence, linking to Shekhinah.

Explain two ways in which the Shekhinah is important to Jews. Refer to scripture or another source of religious authority in your answer. [6 marks]

• Point: Shekhinah dwells over people.

• Authority: You identify it as being in the Tenakh.

• Development: God’s presence is continually experienced, helping Jews feel closer to God.

• Point: Shekhinah can unite Jews during prayer. ✅

• Explanation: God’s presence surrounds them, reinforcing the importance of prayer. ✅

“The Shekhinah is the most important way Jews experience God.”

✅ FOR — Shekhinah is the most important

1. God’s continual presence

• Shekhinah = God’s divine presence.

• Jews can experience God’s presence through prayer, communal worship and the synagogue.

• This makes it fundamental because it shows that God is continually present with His people, strengthening their relationship with Him.

• Tenakh: “The Shekhinah dwells over the man’s head.”

2. Unites the Jewish community

• The Shekhinah is believed to be present when Jews gather together to pray/study.

• The Talmud teaches that when ten people pray together, the Shekhinah is present among them.

• This makes Shekhinah important because it unifies Jews and encourages communal worship, helping them feel closer to God.

3. Ner Tamid

• The ner tamid (eternal light) in the synagogue symbolises God’s everlasting presence.

• Its constant presence reminds Jews that God is always with them.

• Therefore, Shekhinah is important because it is represented by a constant feature of Jewish worship.

❌ AGAINST — Shekhinah isn’t necessarily the most important

1. Prayer is more important

• Prayer is a direct way for Jews to communicate with and worship God.

• It allows Jews to praise God, ask for forgiveness and develop their relationship with Him.

• Therefore, some Jews could argue that actively communicating with God through prayer is more important than experiencing His presence through Shekhinah.

2. Following the mitzvot is more important

• Jews may believe that obeying God’s commandments is central to their relationship with Him.

• Tallit/tzitzit remind Jews of the 613 mitzvot and encourage them to follow God’s commandments.

• Therefore, fulfilling God’s laws could be considered more important because it demonstrates obedience and commitment to God through actions.

3. Repentance/Teshuvah

• Teshuvah allows Jews to recognise their sins, repent and restore their relationship with God.

• During Rosh Hashanah, Tashlich symbolises casting away sins.

• Therefore, some Jews may argue that actively repairing their relationship with God is more important than experiencing the Shekhinah.

Judgement: Shekhinah is arguably the most fundamental because it underpins the belief that God is continually present with His people, whereas prayer and mitzvot are ways Jews respond to and develop that relationship.

Monotheism

1. What does monotheism mean?

Monotheism = belief in one God.

Judaism is a monotheistic religion because Jews believe there is only one God.

What is god?

• Omnipotent — all-powerful

• Omniscient — all-knowing

• Omnibenevolent — all-loving/good

• Omnipresent — present everywhere

• Transcendent — beyond the physical universe

• Personal — Jews can have a relationship with God.

Shema monotheism quote

“Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one.”

When is Shema recited?

The Shema is recited daily, particularly in morning and evening prayers.

Why does Shema being recited matter?

Why does this matter?

It reinforces that:

• There is only one God.

• Jews should worship God alone.

• God is central to Jewish life.

• Jewish identity is connected to belief in one God.

3. The Ten Commandments

First commandment

“You shall have no other gods before me.”

This reinforces monotheism because Jews are commanded to worship God alone.

Idolatry

Idolatry = worshipping something other than God as a god.

Judaism rejects idolatry because there is only one God.

4. God is indivisible

A really important idea is that God is one and indivisible.

This means Jews don’t believe God can be divided into different gods or beings.

no trinity

Monotheism is important because:

One God → Jews worship only Him → this creates a direct relationship with God → Jews follow His commandments → this shapes Jewish identity and daily life.

Monotheism quote

The Lord our God, the Lord is one.”

Explain two reasons why belief in one God is important to Jews. [4 marks]

Part of Ten Commandments- given to Moses on Mount Sinai-worship only God

Judaism-monotheistic- says in Shema recited everyday shows how central it is

“Belief in one God is the most important belief in Judaism.”

✅ FOR

• Shema: “The Lord our God, the Lord is one” → central declaration of faith, repeated daily.

• Everyday life: Mezuzah contains the Shema → constantly reminds Jews of belief in one God.

• Foundation: Monotheism is the basis of Judaism → Jews worship and obey one God.

❌ AGAINST

• Pikuach nefesh: Saving life can override almost all commandments → suggests sanctity of life may be more important.

• God’s nature: Beliefs such as God’s omnipotence and role as redeemer are also central to Jewish beliefs and traditions.

• Mitzvot: Following God’s commandments is essential to living as a Jew → actions may be considered more important than simply believing in one God.

God as a creator quote

“When God began to create heaven and earth…”

Why is it important-God as a creator

1. Humans should respect creation

• God created the world → therefore Jews should look after it.

• This can include caring for animals and the environment.

Why is it important-God as a creator

Why is it important-God as a creator

3. Shabbat

• God created the world in six days and rested on the seventh.

• Jews rest on Shabbat, following God’s example.

Why is it important-God as a creator

4. God’s power

• Creating the universe shows that God is omnipotent (all-powerful).

• It can also show God’s wisdom and authority over creation.

Why is it important-God as a creator

Stewardship

Give two beliefs about God as Creator.

Created the Earth (6 days)

Rested on the 7th

Explain two ways in which belief in God as Creator influences Jews today.

1. Care for creation: God created the Earth, so Jews should be stewards and care for the environment rather than harm it.

2. Pikuach nefesh: God created human life, so Jews must protect and save life. This can override commandments such as Shabbat.

God as a creator is the most important belief

FOR Creator:

• God created humans → gives humans purpose to serve God.

• Stewardship → Jews should care for God’s creation.

• Shabbat → reflects God resting on the seventh day.

AGAINST Creator:

• Monotheism = foundation of Judaism.

• Shema → declaration of faith, repeated daily.

• Mezuzah contains Shema → belief in one God is part of everyday life.

Judgement:
Monotheism is more important because it is the foundation of Judaism and affects Jewish life every day.

God as Law-Giver:

• God gives Jews laws/commandments to follow.

• These are found in the Torah.

• There are 613 mitzvot in the Torah.

• The Ten Commandments were given to Moses at Mount Sinai.

• Following God’s laws shows obedience to Him.

God as Judge:

• God judges people’s actions.

• Good actions can lead to reward; wrongdoing can lead to punishment.

• Jews believe they will ultimately be judged by God.

• Yom Kippur is particularly important because Jews repent and ask God for forgiveness.

Judge quote

“He will judge the world in righteousness.”

Law gives quote

You shall have no other gods before me.”

Two beliefs abt law giver and Judge how it influences Jews today

Judge:

God will judge their actions, so Jews try to do good deeds and avoid sin. This helps them maintain a good relationship with God.

Law-Giver:

God gave Jews 613 mitzvot, so they try to follow them to obey and please God.

God as a law giver most important

Your flashcard version 🧠

FOR — Law-Giver & Judge

• 613 mitzvot → gives Jews guidance/purpose.

• God judges actions → encourages Jews to obey laws and do good.

• Directly affects everyday behaviour.

AGAINST — Other beliefs

• Creator: God created life/world → gives humans purpose and allows them to serve God.

• Monotheism: Shema → one God; repeated daily → foundation of Judaism.

Judgement:
Law-Giver/Judge is most important because God’s laws guide everyday life and Jews know they will ultimately be judged on their actions.

God as loving

God as loving

• God loves His creation and His people.

• God’s love is shown through His Covenant with the Jewish people.

• Jews can respond to God’s love by loving God and following His commandments.

• Useful source: “Love the Lord your God with all your heart” — Deuteronomy 6:5.

God as merciful

God as merciful

• God shows mercy and forgiveness to people who genuinely repent.

• This is particularly important during Yom Kippur, when Jews repent for their sins and ask God for forgiveness.

• Teshuvah = repentance/returning to God.

• Useful source: “The Lord is merciful and gracious, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love.” — Psalm 103:8.

God as merciful and loving (6)

1. God as loving → Covenants

God shows His love through His covenants with the Jewish people. This creates a committed relationship with God and reminds Jews that God loves them.

2. God as merciful → Repentance

God is merciful, so Jews can repent and ask for forgiveness after committing sins. This helps them strengthen their relationship with God.

“Love the Lord your God with all your heart” — Deuteronomy 6:5. This shows that Jews should give God their complete love and devotion, reflecting the loving relationship between God and His people.

📌 12-marker: "Belief in God as loving and merciful is the most important belief in Judaism."

FOR:

1. Covenants

God shows love through covenants with the Jewish people.

Creates a committed relationship between God and Jews.

2. Repentance and forgiveness

God is merciful and forgives those who genuinely repent.

Gives Jews hope and encourages them to improve their relationship with God.

3. Yom Kippur

Jews repent and ask God for forgiveness.

Shows the importance of God's mercy in Jewish life.

Against

1. Monotheism

Belief in one God is the foundation of Judaism.

The Shema is repeated daily, showing its central importance.

2. God as Law-Giver and Judge

God's mitzvot guide Jews in their everyday lives.

Following God's laws is essential to showing obedience.

3. God as Creator

God created human life and the world.

Without creation, Jews would not have a world in which to worship and serve God.

Loving and merciful is important because it gives Jews a close relationship with God and allows forgiveness. However, monotheism may be seen as the foundation of Judaism, as it influences all other beliefs.

What did God promise/tell Abraham?

1. God called Abraham

God told Abraham to leave his homeland and go to a land that He would show him—Canaan, the Promised Land.

2. God promised descendants

God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation.

3. God promised blessing

God promised to bless Abraham and make him a blessing to others.

Abraham and covenant

Covenant: A sacred agreement between God and His people.

God's promises: Land (Canaan), descendants and blessing.

Abraham's responsibility: Trust God and obey His command to leave his homeland.

Importance: Establishes a special relationship between God and Abraham and his descendants..

Give two promises God made to Abraham in the Covenant. [2 marks]

Canaan: God promised Abraham the Promised Land.

A great nation: God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation.

God promised Abraham land, descendants and blessing.

Explain two ways belief in the Covenant with Abraham influences Jews today. [4 marks]

The Promised Land

God promised Abraham the land of Canaan.

Jews may feel a special connection to the land and see it as part of God's promise.

A special relationship with God

God promised Abraham descendants and blessings.

Jews believe they are part of this covenant, encouraging faithfulness and obedience to God.

6-marker

Explain two reasons why the Covenant with Abraham is important to Jews. Refer to scripture or another source of wisdom and authority. [6 marks]

Promised land

God promised Abraham the land of Canaan.

This is important because it establishes the Promised Land as part of God's covenant with the Jewish people.

Jewish identity

God promised Abraham many descendants and to make him a great nation.

Jews believe they are part of this special relationship with God.

Source to memorise:

"I will make you into a great nation." — Genesis 12:2

What it shows: God promised Abraham that his descendants would become a great nation, demonstrating the importance of the covenant and Jewish identity.

"The Covenant with Abraham is the most important covenant in Judaism." Evaluate this statement. [12 marks]

For:

1. Foundation of Jewish identity

God promised Abraham descendants and a special relationship.

Jews see themselves as part of this covenant.

2. Promised Land

God promised Abraham Canaan.

This establishes the importance of the Promised Land in Judaism.

Against:

1. Covenant with Moses

God gave Moses the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai.

This provides laws and guidance for Jewish everyday life.

2. Covenant with Moses and obedience

The Sinai covenant involves following God's commandments.

Some Jews may consider obedience to mitzvot more important in daily life.

The Covenant with Abraham is important because it establishes Jewish identity and the Promised Land. However, the covenant with Moses provides laws that directly guide Jewish life.

✡ Circumcision (Brit Milah)

God commanded Abraham and his male descendants to be circumcised as a sign of the covenant.

Jewish boys traditionally undergo Brit Milah on the eighth day after birth, where medically appropriate.

It symbolises belonging to the covenant and continues the agreement between God and Abraham's descendants.

Source: Genesis 17:10–11 — circumcision is described as the sign of the covenant.

Explain two ways Brit Milah influences Jews today.

1. Sign of the covenant

• Brit Milah is a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham.

• It reminds Jews of their special relationship with God.

2. Jewish identity

• Jewish boys traditionally have Brit Milah on the eighth day after birth.

• It shows that they are part of the Jewish community and descendants of Abraham.

  Source: “Every male among you shall be circumcised.” — Genesis 17:10

  What it shows: Circumcision is commanded as part of the covenant, showing its importance to Jewish identity and the relationship with God.

“Brit Milah is the most important part of the Covenant with Abraham.” Evaluate this statement.

FOR

1. Sign of the covenant

• God commanded circumcision as a physical sign of the covenant.

• It continues the covenant between Abraham and his descendants.

2. Jewish identity

• Brit Milah identifies Jewish boys as members of the Jewish community.

• It connects Jews to Abraham and their history.

3. Lifelong significance

• It is performed at the beginning of a boy’s life.

• It demonstrates commitment to the covenant from an early age.

AGAINST

1. Promised Land

• God promised Abraham the land of Canaan.

• The Promised Land is a major part of the covenant.

2. Descendants

• God promised Abraham that he would become a great nation.

• This establishes the Jewish people as descendants of Abraham.

3. Sinai Covenant

• God later made a covenant with Moses at Mount Sinai.

• The Ten Commandments and mitzvot give Jews guidance for everyday life.

Judgement

Brit Milah is very important because it is a direct sign of the covenant, but other promises and covenants are also significant, particularly the Sinai covenant because it provides laws for Jewish life.

Moses Sinai

The Sinai Covenant was the agreement between God and the Israelites made at Mount Sinai, through Moses.

The key event:

• After the Exodus from Egypt, Moses led the Israelites to Mount Sinai.

• God made a covenant with them.

• God gave Moses the Ten Commandments (Decalogue).

• The commandments gave the Israelites rules about how they should worship God and live morally.

• In return, the Israelites were expected to obey God’s laws.

Moses’ role

Moses is important because he acted as the leader and intermediary between God and the Israelites.

At Sinai, Moses went up the mountain and received God’s commandments, which he then communicated to the Israelites.

Ten Commandments

You don’t need to memorise every commandment word-for-word for this particular topic, but know the main areas:

• Worship God alone.

• Do not misuse God’s name.

• Keep the Sabbath holy.

• Honour parents.

• Do not murder.

• Do not commit adultery.

• Do not steal.

• Do not give false testimony.

• Do not covet.

Give two features of the Covenant at Sinai. [2 marks]

• God gave Moses the Decalogue (Ten Commandments).

• The covenant was made at Mount Sinai between God and the Israelites.

Explain two ways belief in the Covenant at Sinai influences Jews today.

1. Following the commandments

• God gave the Israelites the Ten Commandments.

• Jews follow God’s laws to show obedience to Him.

2. Guidance for everyday life

• The commandments provide guidance about how Jews should treat God and other people.

• This helps Jews make moral decisions in everyday life.

Source: “You shall have no other gods before me.” — Exodus 20:3

What it shows: Jews should worship God alone, showing the importance of obeying the laws given through the Sinai Covenant.

“The Ten Commandments are the most important part of the Covenant at Sinai.” Evaluate this statement.

FOR

1. Directly from God

• God gave the commandments to Moses at Mount Sinai.

• They are therefore a central part of the covenant.

2. Guidance

• The commandments provide rules for worship and moral behaviour.

• They influence Jewish life today.

3. Obedience

• Following the commandments shows obedience to God.

• This maintains the covenant relationship.

AGAINST

1. Other mitzvot

• Judaism has 613 mitzvot, not just the Ten Commandments.

• These provide much wider guidance for Jewish life.

2. Moral principles

• Principles such as justice and kindness are also important.

• Jews can apply these principles beyond the Ten Commandments.

3. Covenant itself

• The covenant is about the relationship/agreement between God and the Israelites, not only the rules.

• The Israelites’ commitment to God is therefore also central.

Judgement

The Ten Commandments are highly important because they provide key laws and show obedience to God, but the wider covenant and 613 mitzvot also play a major role in guiding Jewish life.

Moral principles

1. Justice(Tzedek)

Treating people fairly and ensuring that people receive what they deserve.

2. Healing the world (Tikkun Olam)

Helping to improve the world by tackling injustice, helping others and protecting the environment.

3. Charity (Tzedakah)

Giving to people in need. Jewish charity is seen as a responsibility, not simply an optional act of kindness.

4. Kindness to others (Chesed)

Treating others with compassion, respect and care, including people outside the Jewish community.

Moral principle quote

"Love your neighbour as yourself." — Leviticus 19:18

Explain two ways Jewish moral principles influence Jews today.

Charity (Tzedakah)

Jews give money or support to people in need.

This helps reduce poverty and fulfils their responsibility to others.

Justice

Jews should treat people fairly and challenge injustice.

This encourages them to defend people's rights and promote equality.

Source: "Love your neighbour as yourself." — Leviticus 19:18

What it shows: Jews should treat others with kindness and care, demonstrating the importance of moral behaviour.

"Charity is the most important Jewish moral principle." Evaluate this statement.

FOR

Helping those in need

Charity supports vulnerable people and reduces poverty.

Jews have a responsibility to give to others.

Justice

Charity can help create a fairer society.

It supports people who may lack basic resources.

Religious responsibility

Tzedakah is considered a duty, not simply an optional act.

Giving to others demonstrates obedience to Jewish moral teachings.

AGAINST

Justice

Justice is important because Jews should challenge unfairness.

It addresses the causes of inequality, not only immediate needs.

Kindness

Showing love and compassion follows the command to love one's neighbour.

Kindness influences everyday relationships.

Healing the world (Tikkun Olam)

Jews have a responsibility to improve the world.

This includes tackling injustice and protecting the environment, not just giving money.

Judgement

Charity is important because it helps people in need and fulfils a religious responsibility. However, justice and healing the world are also essential, as they encourage Jews to address wider problems in society.

Sanctity of human life:

Sanctity of human life: Human life is sacred and valuable because it is created by God.

Pikuach Nefesh: The principle that saving a human life takes priority over almost all other religious commandments.

Explain two reasons why the sanctity of human life is important to Jews. Refer to scripture or another source of wisdom and authority.

1. Human life is sacred

God created human life, so it is valuable and should be protected.

Jews have a responsibility to preserve life whenever possible.

2. Pikuach Nefesh

Saving human life takes priority over almost all other commandments.

For example, a Jew may break Shabbat rules to save someone's life.

Source: "Whoever saves one life... saves an entire world." — Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:9

What it shows: Every human life is extremely valuable, so saving a life is a major religious responsibility.

12-marker [12 marks]

"Pikuach Nefesh is the most important Jewish principle." Evaluate this statement.

FOR

Saving life

Pikuach Nefesh prioritises saving human life.

It can override almost all other commandments.

God created life

Human life is sacred because it comes from God.

Protecting life respects God's creation.

Practical importance

Pikuach Nefesh influences real-life decisions, such as breaking Shabbat to save someone.

It ensures that religious rules do not prevent life-saving actions.

AGAINST

Monotheism

Belief in one God is the foundation of Judaism.

The Shema is repeated daily, showing its central importance.

613 mitzvot

God's commandments guide Jews in everyday life.

Following them demonstrates obedience to God.

Relationship with God

Prayer and worship help Jews maintain a relationship with God.

Some Jews may argue that worshipping God is the most important responsibility.

Judgement

Pikuach Nefesh is highly important because human life is sacred and saving life takes priority over almost all commandments. However, belief in one God provides the foundation of Judaism, while mitzvot guide everyday actions.

Tikkun Olam

Jews should work towards making society better.

This can involve tackling injustice, helping others and protecting the environment.

It connects to the belief that people have a responsibility to make the world a better place.

Tzedekah

Jews should support people experiencing poverty or hardship.

Charity is not simply optional kindness; it is considered a responsibility.

It promotes justice and helps create a fairer society.

Judgement

1. Judgement

Meaning: Jews believe God judges people according to their actions and how they have lived.

God is the ultimate judge.

People are accountable for their actions.

This encourages Jews to follow God's commandments and behave morally.

Resurrection

2. Resurrection

Meaning: The belief that the dead will be brought back to life by God.

Some Jewish beliefs include a future resurrection of the dead, associated with the coming of the Messiah.

God has the power to restore life.

Resurrection is connected to beliefs about the future and God's judgement.

Jewish views about exactly how and when resurrection happens can differ.

3. Olam Ha-Ba (The World to Come)

It can refer to a future spiritual existence or the future age of perfection, depending on Jewish interpretation.

4. Olam Ha-Zeh (This World)

Judaism places importance on how people live and act in the present.

Jews should follow God's commandments and improve the world.

This links to moral responsibility and Tikkun Olam.

6-marker — Jewish beliefs about judgement after death

1. God judges people based on their actions
→ Jews believe people are accountable for how they lived and whether they followed God’s commandments.

2. Judgement encourages good behaviour
→ Belief in judgement can encourage Jews to obey mitzvot and treat others well.

Source: “The Lord is a God of justice.” — Isaiah 30:18
→ Shows that God judges people fairly and justly.

12-marker — “Belief in judgement is the most important Jewish belief about life after death.”

FOR:

• Judgement → people are accountable for their actions → encourages obedience.

• Olam Ha-Ba → gives hope of a future existence → motivates Jews to live according to God.

• Resurrection → belief that God can restore the dead → demonstrates God’s power.

AGAINST:

• Olam Ha-Zeh → Judaism focuses on living a good life in this world.

• Olam Ha-Ba → may be more important because it concerns the ultimate future of humanity.

• Resurrection → important belief because it shows God’s power and gives hope.

Judgement:
Judgement is important because it gives Jews a sense of accountability, but beliefs about Olam Ha-Ba and resurrection are also significant parts of Jewish beliefs about the future.

Messiah

• Messiah means the “anointed one.”

• Many Orthodox Jews believe the Messiah will be a human descendant of King David.

• He will bring a future age of peace and justice.

• He is associated with the restoration of Israel and the return of Jews to the Promised Land.

• Different Jewish views: Orthodox Judaism generally expects a personal Messiah, while some Reform Jews may focus more on a future age of peace rather than a single Messiah.

Explain two Jewish beliefs about the Messiah. Refer to a source of wisdom.

1. Descendant of King David
→ Many Orthodox Jews believe the Messiah will be a human descendant of David who will lead the Jewish people.

2. Brings peace and justice
→ The Messiah is expected to establish a future age of peace and justice.

Source: “A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse.” — Isaiah 11:1
→ Jesse was David’s father, so this is understood as referring to a future ruler from David’s line.

12-marker — “The Messiah is the most important Jewish belief.”

FOR:

• Brings peace and justice.

• Restores the Jewish people/Israel.

• Gives Jews hope for the future.

AGAINST:

• Monotheism → belief in one God is fundamental to Judaism.

• Covenant → gives Jews their special relationship with God.

• 613 mitzvot → guide everyday Jewish life.

Judgement:
The Messiah is important because it gives hope for a future of peace, but beliefs about God and the covenant are more fundamental to Jewish belief.

Free will and the 613 mitzvot

Mitzvot = commandments given by God.

• There are traditionally 613 mitzvot in the Torah.

• Jews have free will — they can choose whether to obey or disobey God’s commandments.

• Free will means Jews are responsible for their choices and actions.

• Following mitzvot helps Jews live according to God’s will.

Explain two Jewish beliefs about free will and the 613 mitzvot. Refer to a source of wisdom.

1. Free will → responsibility
→ Jews can choose whether to obey God’s commandments, so they are responsible for their choices.

2. 613 mitzvot → guidance
→ The mitzvot give Jews guidance about how to live according to God’s will.

Source: “I have set before you life and death… Now choose life.” — Deuteronomy 30:19
→ Shows that humans have a choice and are responsible for the decision they make.

12-marker — “Following the 613 mitzvot is the most important part of Jewish life.”

FOR:

• Give guidance for everyday life.

• Help Jews obey God’s will.

• Show commitment to the covenant with God.

AGAINST:

• Worshipping one God → fundamental to Judaism.

• Moral principles → justice, charity and kindness are important.

• Pikuach Nefesh → saving human life takes priority over almost all mitzvot.

Judgement:
The mitzvot are extremely important because they guide everyday Jewish life, but they are part of a wider relationship with God and the covenant.

Mitzvot between humans and God vs humans and other people

• Between humans and God → commandments about a person’s relationship with God, e.g. keeping Shabbat and worshipping God.

• Between humans and other people → commandments about how Jews should treat others, e.g. “Love your neighbour as yourself” and giving charity.

• Both are important because Judaism teaches that Jews should have a good relationship with God and other people.

Explain two types of mitzvot. Refer to a source of wisdom.

1. Between humans and God
→ These commandments strengthen a Jew’s relationship with God, e.g. keeping Shabbat and worshipping God.

2. Between humans and other people
→ These commandments guide Jews to treat others fairly and kindly, e.g. giving charity and loving your neighbour.

Source: “Love your neighbour as yourself.” — Leviticus 19:18
→ Shows that Jews have a responsibility to treat other people with kindness.

12-marker — “Mitzvot between humans and other people are more important.”

FOR:

• Promote kindness and justice → Jews are expected to treat others fairly and help those who are vulnerable.

• Tzedakah → charity is a religious responsibility, so Jews should give to people in need rather than only helping themselves.

• Community relationships → treating others well helps create a caring and united Jewish community.

AGAINST:

• Relationship with God → mitzvot between humans and God help Jews show obedience and commitment to God.

• Worship is fundamental → practices such as prayer and Shabbat allow Jews to maintain their relationship with God.

• Both types are connected → Jews can show love for God by following commandments about how they treat other people.

Judgement:
Mitzvot between people are extremely important because they affect everyday behaviour and the wellbeing of others. However, neither type can really be separated from the other, as Judaism involves both commitment to God and responsibility towards people.

Synagogue

Main things to know:

• The synagogue is a place of Jewish worship, prayer and study.

• It is also important for community and bringing Jews together.

• Jews may attend services on Shabbat and other occasions.

Features of a synagogue

• Bimah → raised platform where the Torah is read.

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  ● Aron Hakodesh → cabinet where the Torah scrolls are kept.
  ● Ner Tamid → eternal light, symbolising God’s presence.

• Orthodox and Reform synagogues can differ in worship and seating arrangements.

Explain two features of a Jewish synagogue. Refer to a source of wisdom.

1. Aron Hakodesh
→ The holy cabinet where the Torah scrolls are kept. It is treated with great respect because the Torah contains God’s teachings.

2. Ner Tamid
→ The eternal light that remains lit above/in front of the Aron Hakodesh. It symbolises God’s constant presence.

Source: “Let them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them.” — Exodus 25:8
→ Shows the importance of having a place where Jews can experience God’s presence.

12-marker — “The Aron Hakodesh is the most important feature of a synagogue.”

FOR:

• Holds the Torah scrolls → the Torah contains God’s teachings and is central to Jewish life.

• Shows respect for the Torah → its prominent position reminds Jews of the importance of God’s commandments.

• Focus of worship → the congregation faces towards the Aron Hakodesh during prayer in many synagogues.

AGAINST:

• Bimah → important because the Torah is read from it during services.

• Ner Tamid → represents God’s constant presence within the synagogue.

• Synagogue as a community → its importance isn’t just its physical features; it provides a place for worship, study and community.

Judgement:
The Aron Hakodesh is highly important because it contains the Torah, which is central to Jewish belief and practice. However, the Bimah, Ner Tamid and community function of the synagogue are also important.

🕍 Aron Hakodesh

• What: A cabinet/ark containing the Torah scrolls.

• Importance: The Torah is God’s revealed teachings, so it is treated with great respect.

• Exam link: Shows the importance of the Torah and God’s commandments to Jewish life.

🕯 Ner Tamid

• What: The eternal light, usually positioned above/in front of the Aron Hakodesh.

• Importance: Symbolises God’s constant/eternal presence.

• Exam link: Can link to Shekhinah — God’s divine presence.

📖 Bimah

• What: A raised platform where the Torah is read during services.

• Importance: Allows the Torah to be publicly read and heard by the congregation.

• Exam link: Shows the importance of Torah study and God’s commandments.

🕍 Worship and prayer

• Prayer is an important way Jews communicate with and worship God.

• The Amidah is a central prayer in Jewish worship.

• It is recited standing and contains blessings, praise and requests to God.

• Jewish worship can be communal in the synagogue or private at home.

• The Torah is read during synagogue services, especially on Shabbat.

• Worship helps Jews strengthen their relationship with God and their Jewish identity..

Explain two features of Jewish worship. Refer to a source of wisdom.

1. Torah reading
→ The Torah is read publicly during services, allowing Jews to hear God’s teachings and learn how they should live.

2. Amidah
→ The Amidah is a central prayer containing praise, requests and thanksgiving to God. It helps Jews communicate with and worship God.

Source: “These words that I command you today are to be on your hearts.” — Deuteronomy 6:6
→ Shows the importance of remembering and following God’s teachings.

12-marker — “Prayer is the most important part of Jewish worship.”

FOR:

• Communication with God → prayer allows Jews to praise God, thank Him and ask for help.

• Amidah → central prayer containing praise and requests, making it an important part of worship.

• Daily worship → regular prayer helps Jews maintain their relationship with God.

AGAINST:

• Torah reading → teaches Jews God’s commandments and how to live.

• Shabbat → provides dedicated time for worship, rest and remembering God’s creation.

• Action/mitzvot → Judaism teaches that faith should be expressed through actions, not just prayer.

Judgement:
Prayer is very important because it allows Jews to communicate with God regularly, but Torah and mitzvot also play a major role because they guide how Jews actually live.

Shabbat

• Shabbat is the Jewish day of rest, from sunset Friday to sunset Saturday.

• It remembers that God rested on the seventh day after creation.

• Jews traditionally rest from work and spend time worshipping God and with family.

• Common practices include lighting candles, blessing wine and bread, attending synagogue, and sharing a family meal.

• It is a commandment from the Ten Commandments.

Explain two Jewish practices associated with Shabbat. Refer to a source of wisdom.

1. Resting from work
→ Jews avoid work on Shabbat to make it a day of rest and worship, following God’s example at creation.

2. Family meal / lighting candles
→ Families may light Shabbat candles and share a meal together, making Shabbat a special time for family and worship.

Source: “Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.” — Exodus 20:8
→ Jews are commanded to set Shabbat apart as a holy day.

12-marker — “Shabbat is the most important Jewish practice.”

FOR:

• Commanded by God → Shabbat is part of the Ten Commandments, so observing it demonstrates obedience to God.

• Remembers creation → Jews rest because God rested on the seventh day, reminding them that God is the Creator.

• Strengthens family/community → shared meals, prayer and synagogue attendance bring Jews together.

AGAINST:

• Prayer → allows Jews to communicate directly with and worship God.

• Mitzvot → the 613 commandments guide Jewish behaviour throughout everyday life.

• Festivals → occasions such as Yom Kippur and Pesach are also highly significant for Jewish identity and worship.

Judgement:
Shabbat is particularly important because it is a weekly commandment that affects Jewish family life, worship and rest. However, other practices such as prayer and keeping mitzvot are also essential to Jewish life.

🍞 Jewish home/private worship

• Prayer at home → Jews can worship God privately, not only in the synagogue.

• Mezuzah → a small case fixed to a doorpost containing parchment with passages from the Shema.

• Tallit → prayer shawl worn during prayer by many Jews.

• Tefillin → small leather boxes containing Torah passages, worn during weekday morning prayer by traditionally observant Jews.

Prayer items 6 marker

1. Mezuzah
→ A case fixed to a doorpost containing parchment with passages from the Shema. It reminds Jews of God and their commitment to Him.

2. Tallit
→ A prayer shawl worn during prayer. Its tzitzit (fringes) remind Jews of God’s commandments and their duty to follow them.

Source: “Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one.” — Deuteronomy 6:4
→ The Shema is contained in the mezuzah and reinforces belief in one God.

12-marker — “Private worship is more important than worship in the synagogue.”

FOR:

• Mezuzah → reminds Jews of God every time they enter or leave their home.

• Personal prayer → allows Jews to communicate with God privately and at times that suit them.

• Family worship → practices such as Shabbat meals allow families to worship and strengthen Jewish identity together.

AGAINST:

• Synagogue worship → allows Jews to worship together as a community.

• Torah reading → public reading allows the congregation to hear and learn God’s teachings.

• Amidah → central prayer performed during communal worship, helping Jews strengthen their relationship with God.

Judgement:
Private worship is important because it allows Jews to practise their faith in everyday life, but synagogue worship is also significant because it provides communal prayer, Torah study and a sense of Jewish community.

📖 The Tenakh and Talmud

Tenakh

• The Tenakh is the Jewish sacred scripture.

• It contains three sections: Torah, Nevi’im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings).

• The Torah is the most important section because it contains God’s teachings and commandments.

Talmud

• The Talmud contains rabbinic discussions and interpretations of Jewish law and teachings.

• It helps Jews understand how the Torah’s teachings can be applied to everyday life.

Explain two Jewish sacred texts. Refer to a source of wisdom.

1. Tenakh
→ The Jewish scriptures, containing the Torah, Nevi’im and Ketuvim. The Torah contains God’s teachings and commandments, guiding Jewish life.

2. Talmud
→ Contains rabbinic discussions and interpretations of Jewish law. It helps Jews understand how the Torah can be applied to everyday situations.

Source: “This book of the law shall not depart from your mouth.” — Joshua 1:8
→ Shows the importance of studying and following God’s law.

12-marker — “The Tenakh is more important than the Talmud.”

FOR:

• Tenakh is sacred scripture → contains the Torah and is the foundation of Jewish teachings.

• Torah contains God’s commandments → gives Jews guidance about how to live.

• Used in worship → Torah scrolls are read publicly in the synagogue.

AGAINST:

• Talmud interprets the Torah → helps Jews understand difficult laws and teachings.

• Applies teachings to everyday life → rabbinic discussions provide guidance for practical situations.

• Both work together → the Talmud helps explain and apply teachings found in the Tenakh.

Judgement:
The Tenakh is foundational because it contains the Torah and God’s teachings, but the Talmud is important because it helps Jews interpret and apply those teachings in everyday life.