Apologia Biology (3rd edition) Module 15

Chordata

The phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates.

nerve cord

tubelike structure above the notochord that in most chordates develops into the brain and spinal cord

Notochord

A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creature's body, providing the majority of its support

tail

extends beyond the anus

Vertebrae

segments of bone or cartilage that interlock to form a backbone

endoskeleton

skeleton inside the body

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries

tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

red blood cells

a hemoglobin-containing cell that carries oxygen and gives blood its color

brain

Nervous system is controlled by it

Olfactory lobes

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the nose

Cerebrum

The lobes of the brain that integrate sensory information and coordinate the creature's response to that information

optic lobes

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the eyes

Cerebellum

The lobe that controls involuntary actions and refines muscle movement

medulla oblongata

The lobes that coordinate vital functions, such as those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and transport signals from the brain to the spinal cord

spinal cord

a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain

Spinal nerves

carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

internal fertilization

The process by which the male places sperm inside the female's body, where the eggs are fertilized

external fertilization

The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female

Oviparous development

Development that occurs in an egg which is hatched outside the female's body

Ovoviviparous development

Development that occurs in an egg which is hatched inside the female's body

Viviparous development

Development that occurs inside the female, allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta

Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fish

pectoral fins

extend from body like wings of a plane; behind shark's head

Caudal Fins (Fish)

used for swimming

anterior dorsal fin

stabilize the animal against rolling and to assist in sudden turns

posterior dorsal fin

stabilization during swimming and sometimes assists in steering

anal fin

ventral fin that helps keep the fish upright and moving in a straight line

pelvic fins

used for stabilization and reproduction in males

lateral line

sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water

remora

marine fishes with a flattened elongated body and a sucking disk on the head for attaching to large fish or moving objects

Osteichthyes

bony fish class

opercula

strengthened flaps that cover and protect gills while allowing water to flow across them

tongue (fish)

food travels through mouth across this part of fish that contains taste buds

taste buds

sensory organs in the mouth that contain the receptors for taste

Pyloric Ceca (fish)

secretes digestive enzymes into intestine

Bile

A mixture of salts and phospholipids that aids in the breakdown of fat

gall bladder (fish)

where bile is concentrated

air bladder

Allows fish to change depths and float in water

milt

fluid containing sperm

spawning

female lays her eggs

two chambered heart

fish. one atrium one ventricle.

Atrium (fish)

large muscular heart chamber that receives blood that is about to enter the ventricle

Ventricle (fish)

a thick walled muscular heart chamber from which blood is pumped out to the body

ventral aorta (shark)

large blood vessel of heart that branches into smaller vessels

afferent brachial arteries

conduct blood from the ventral aorta to the gills

efferent brachial arteries

returns oxygenated blood from the gills

Cardial Veins

carries the oxygen poor blood back to heart

Kidney (fish)

filters blood of wastes

posterior cardiac vein

carries blood back to heart

Ectothermic

Lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat (cold-blooded)

salmon

any of various large food and game fishes of northern waters

Anadromous

A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and then go back to fresh water in order to reproduce

Betta fish

Males are territorial

Chromatophores

pigment cells

Spiny puffer

porcupine fish

butterfly fish

brightly colored marine fish

Amphibia

frogs, toads, salamanders

lungs (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)

Main organs of the respiratory system in creatures (amphibians primarily use skin)

hibernation

A state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures

left atrium of amphibians

Filled with oxygen rich blood

right atrium in amphibians(frog)

Filled with oxygen poor blood

pulmonary vein (frog)

Dumps oxygen rich blood into left atrium

sinus venous (frog)

3 veins deposit the oxygen poor blood that has come from internal organs

conus arteriosus (frog)

the artery that conducts blood from the ventricle to the left and right truncus arteriosus

Truncus arteriosus (frog)

a left and right artery from conus arteriosus that split into 3 smaller arteries each

Carotid Arch (Frog)

Sends blood to head

Pulmocutaneous arteries (frog)

Sends blood to lungs, skin, and mouth to get reoxygenated

Anura

order of frogs and toads

Apoda

order of caecilians(cross between snake and earthworm)

Caudata

order of salamanders

Reptilia

class of reptiles

amniotic egg

A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land

amnion

Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus

yolk sac

an extra-embryonic membrane that provides food for the embryo.

allantois

allows for respiration and excretion of embryo

Albumen

The white of an egg

Squamata

Order of lizards and snakes

constriction

winding around your prey and squeezing them to death

pit vipers

snakes that use heat infrared sensors underneath their eyes to detect prey

viper

poisonous snake

two heat-sensing pits

pits that allow snakes to sense warm blooded creatures even in the dark

Water Moccasin

venomous water snake in swamps in southern United States

Copperheads

a pit viper in woods of East Coast

rattlesnake

pit viper with horny segments at the end of the tail that rattle when shaken

Western Diamondback Rattlesnake

- Thick body, 3-5 feet, diamond pattern, rattle on tail

- South-West United States

- Bite causes low blood pressure, pain, hemorrhaging, effects blood vessels

- Dont eat or drink, wrap and keep below heart

Hawksbill Turtle

Most pointed beak, Lives around the equator, Hunted for its shell to make jewelry and other products

giant tortoise

longest living animal

Leatherback Sea Turtle

Can weigh 1500 pounds

parietal eye

Sensory organ in certain amphibians and reptiles that allows them to distinguish between day and night and between different seasons.