study guide 1, 4, 7

Female Reproductive Cell

Ovum (egg).

Male Reproductive Cell

Sperm.

Function of the Ovaries

Produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone.

Function of the Uterus

Houses the developing fetus and contracts during labor.

Function of the Cervix

Lower opening of the uterus that dilates during labor and produces cervical mucus.

Function of the Vagina

Birth canal, passage for menstrual flow, and receives the penis during intercourse.

Function of the Fallopian Tubes

Transport the ovum and are the usual site of fertilization.

Ampulla

Most common site of fertilization.

Fimbriae

Finger-like projections that sweep the ovum into the fallopian tube.

Corpus Luteum

Forms after ovulation and secretes progesterone.

Endometrium

Inner lining of the uterus that thickens and sheds during menstruation.

Testes

Produce sperm and testosterone.

Leydig Cells

Produce testosterone.

Sertoli Cells

Support and nourish developing sperm.

Menstrual Phase

Shedding of the endometrium; first phase of the menstrual cycle.

Proliferative Phase

Estrogen stimulates thickening of the endometrium.

Ovulation

Release of a mature egg triggered by the LH surge.

Typical Day of Ovulation

Day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle.

Luteal Phase

Corpus luteum forms and progesterone maintains the uterine lining.

FSH Function

Stimulates follicle development in the ovary.

LH Function

Triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.

Estrogen Function

Develops female secondary sex characteristics and thickens the endometrium.

Progesterone Function

Maintains the uterine lining and supports pregnancy.

Oxytocin Function

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection.

Prolactin Function

Stimulates milk production.

Corpus Luteum in Pregnancy

Supports early pregnancy by producing progesterone.

Hormone That Maintains Pregnancy

Progesterone.

Hormone That Stimulates Labor

Oxytocin.

Layers of the Uterus

Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium.

Function of the Myometrium

Muscular layer responsible for uterine contractions.

Function of the Endometrium

Supports implantation and sheds during menstruation.

Male Reproductive Functions

Produce testosterone, produce sperm, and transport sperm.

Florence Nightingale

Founder of modern nursing; Environmental Theory; emphasized sanitation, ventilation, nutrition, and handwashing.

Dorothea Dix

Leader in mental health reform and Superintendent of Union Army Nurses.

Clara Barton

Founded the American Red Cross and served as a battlefield nurse.

Isabel Hampton Robb

Established nursing education standards and professional nursing organizations.

Goal of the Healthcare System

Provide safe, high-quality, patient-centered care.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Framework used to prioritize patient care.

Lowest Level of Maslow's Hierarchy

Physiological needs.

Highest Level of Maslow's Hierarchy

Self-actualization.

Five Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy

Physiological, Safety, Love & Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization.

Examples of Physiological Needs

Airway, breathing, circulation, food, water, sleep, pain control.

Examples of Safety Needs

Fall prevention, infection prevention, medication safety, security.

Examples of Love and Belonging

Family support, relationships, communication.

Examples of Esteem

Independence, self-confidence, participation in care.

Examples of Self-Actualization

Personal growth, learning, achieving goals.

NCLEX Priority Rule

Treat ABCs and physiological needs before psychosocial needs.

ABC Priority

Airway, Breathing, Circulation.

LVN Scope of Practice

Focused assessments, routine medications, reinforce teaching, report changes to RN.

RN Responsibilities

Initial assessment, nursing diagnosis, care planning, evaluation, patient education.

Stable Patient

May be assigned to the LVN.

Unstable Patient

Requires RN management.

Delegation Principle

LVN reports changes in patient condition immediately to the RN.

Therapeutic Communication

Purposeful communication that promotes patient understanding and trust.

Examples of Therapeutic Communication

Open-ended questions, reflection, clarification, restating, silence, active listening.

Communication Techniques to Avoid

False reassurance, giving advice, changing the subject, judgment.

Verbal Communication

Clear language, normal pace, appropriate tone, appropriate volume.

Nonverbal Communication

Eye contact, facial expressions, posture, gestures, touch, appearance.

Active Listening

Paying full attention while encouraging the patient to continue speaking.

Chain of Infection

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host.

Infectious Agent

Disease-causing microorganism.

Reservoir

Place where microorganisms live and multiply.

Portal of Exit

Route pathogens leave the reservoir.

Mode of Transmission

How pathogens spread.

Portal of Entry

Route pathogens enter the host.

Susceptible Host

Person at risk for infection.

Medical Asepsis

Clean technique used to reduce microorganisms.

Surgical Asepsis

Sterile technique used to eliminate all microorganisms.

Standard Precautions

Used with every patient regardless of diagnosis.

Components of Standard Precautions

Hand hygiene, gloves, PPE, safe sharps handling.

Transmission-Based Precautions

Airborne, Droplet, and Contact precautions.

Airborne Precautions

Used for diseases spread by tiny airborne particles.

Droplet Precautions

Used for diseases spread by large respiratory droplets.

Contact Precautions

Used for diseases spread by direct or indirect contact.

Sterilization

Process that destroys all microorganisms, including spores.

Disinfection

Process that destroys many pathogens but not spores.

Antisepsis

Application of agents to living tissue to reduce microorganisms.

Asepsis

State of being free from disease-causing microorganisms.

Medical Asepsis vs Surgical Asepsis

Medical = Clean; Surgical = Sterile.

Last-Minute Hormone Memory

LH = Ovulation.

Last-Minute Hormone Memory

FSH = Follicle development.

Last-Minute Hormone Memory

Estrogen = Endometrial growth.

Last-Minute Hormone Memory

Progesterone = Pregnancy.

Last-Minute Hormone Memory

Oxytocin = Contractions and milk ejection.

Last-Minute Hormone Memory

Prolactin = Milk production.

Last-Minute Anatomy Memory

Ampulla = Fertilization.

Last-Minute Menstrual Cycle Memory

Day 14 = Ovulation.

Last-Minute Nursing History

Florence Nightingale = Founder of Modern Nursing.

Last-Minute Nursing History

Clara Barton = American Red Cross.

Last-Minute Nursing History

Dorothea Dix = Mental health reform.

Last-Minute Nursing History

Isabel Hampton Robb = Nursing education standards.

Maslow Order

Physiological → Safety → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-Actualization.

Priority Nursing Principle

Always treat life-threatening conditions before psychosocial needs.

Priority Intervention

ABCs always come first.