exam 1 patho

Cytoskeleton

Microflimaents

• actin monomer

Microtubles

• tubulin

Intermediate filaments

• cell specific, keratin, vimentin, neurofilaments

Dynein

large, ATP-dependent motor protein
that moves along microtubules toward the
minus end (retrograde transport), typically
directed toward the cell center

Kinesin

an ATP-dependent motor protein
that moves along microtubules, typically
toward the plus end (anterograde
transport), which is usually directed away
from the cell center and toward the cell
periphery.

Microtubules

Largest

• axoneme of cilia and flagella

• spindle fibers

• overall shape of cell

ex.

• cilia

• flagella

Myosin

Myosin II: motor protein primarily involved in cell contraction and movement

Myosin V: ATP depedent motor protein that moves along actin filaments, involved in posistion and maintaining the structure of Golgi and vesicle

Microfilaments

• smallest

• contractile fibrils of muscle cells

• cleavage furrows in dividing cells

Intermediate filaments

support framework

strength against mechanical stress

membrane trafficking

using membrane bound transport cesicles to move shit, can take place all throughout cell

Exocytosis

Vesicle transport across plasma membrane

membrane of vesicle fuses with plasma membrane

• secretion of shit

Polarized secretion on specific surfaces

• digestive enzymes, neurotransmitters

Endocytosis

substances taken in the cell with vesicle formed from plasma membrane

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

(Clathrin Dependent)

primary mech for endocytosis

helps internalize right macromolecules

specific receptors required

Endopalsmic reticulum

Tubular membranes and flattened saccs that make lumen

continous with outer membrane of nuc envelope

• 50-90% of cells membrane is ER

Biosynthesis in ER:

• proteins

  • RER

• lipids

  • SER

Smooth ER

detoxes shit, and makes lipids

Rough ER

ribosomes on cystolic side

• make protein on outside

Proteins get folded and then sent where they need be

ribosomes not in ER dont make proteins for ER

Golgi complex

acts as shipping hub

• works by budding off vesicles

• vesicles are coated

part of endomembrane system

• transports

• modifies

• polarity different in each space

Different coats for different vesicles

• COPII from ER

• COPI from CGN/cisternae

• COPI/clathrin from TGN

Lysosome

Phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, Autophagy, extracellular digestion

• contain hydrolases to break down shit

Enzymes synthesized on RER

phagocytosis

ingestion of large particles/whole cells

way for food for unicellular, for more complex, phagocytes

neutrophils and macrophages

autophagy

damaged structures broken down

macrophagy: organelle is wrapped in double membrane from ER, making vacuole

microphagy: much smaller vacuole formed, one bilayer