Ctenophores

What is the general body form of Ctenophores?

They are medusa-like without nematocysts (usually).

How many comb rolls do Ctenophores have and what do they possess?

They have 8 comb rolls and usually 2 retractable tentacles.

What specialized cells do Ctenophores use for capturing prey?

They use colloblasts.

What are the two classes within Phylum Ctenophora?

The two classes are Tentaculata (with two tentacles) and Nuda (without retractable tentacles).

What are the main characteristics of Bilateria?

They are triploblastic, have anterior

What are the key characteristics of Platyhelminthes?

They are dorso-ventrally flattened, cephalized, triploblastic, have an incomplete digestive system, and possess protonephridia ("flame cells").

How do Platyhelminthes reproduce asexually?

They reproduce asexually through fission and regeneration.

How do Platyhelminthes reproduce sexually?

They are mostly hermaphroditic and use hypodermic impregnation.

What are the classifications within Phylum Platyhelminthes?

The classifications include Class Turbellaria, Class Trematoda, and Class Cestoda.

What are the characteristics of Class Turbellaria?

They are free-living, mostly small, mostly marine, and contain rhabdites.

What are the characteristics of Class Trematoda?

All are parasites ("flukes"), have syncitium, possess suckers, and have complex life cycles with primary and intermediate hosts.

Can you provide examples of parasites in Class Trematoda?

Examples include Schistosoma mansoni and the Chinese liver fluke.

What are the characteristics of Class Cestoda?

All are parasites ("tapeworms"), lack digestive tracts, have a scolex and proglottids, and are hermaphrodites that self-fertilize.

What diseases are associated with Class Cestoda?

Diseases include cysticercosis.

What is parasitism?

Parasitism is an interaction where one species (the parasite) benefits while the host is harmed, usually weakening the host without causing death.

What are some adaptations for parasitism in Platyhelminthes?

Adaptations include adhesive organs, reduced sense organs, reduced or lost digestive tracts, protective body walls, and larval stages in different animals.

What are the key characteristics of Phylum Nemertea?

They have a retractable proboscis with a stylet, a rhynchocoel, are cephalized, have a complete digestive tract, and a closed circulatory system.

How do Nemerteans reproduce?

They reproduce both sexually and asexually.

What are the characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?

They are multicellular, microscopic, have a crown of cilia, exhibit eutely, and can reproduce via parthenogenesis.