OCR A 4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

molecular formula

actual number of atoms in a molecule or element

empirical formula

simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

structural formula

arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds

skeletal formula

-show bonds of the carbon skeleton only

-H & C not shown

-func grps shown

displayed formula

show arrangement of atom showing all bonds and atoms in molecule

homologous series

-same func grp and general formula

-successive members of same homologous series inc by CH₂

types of carbon skeleton

-aromatic

-aliphatic

aromatic compound

-contain benzene ring

-may have func grp and alkyl grps coming from this

aliphatic compounds

straight, branched or non aromatic chains

alicyclic compounds

rings that are not aromatic

structural isomers

-compound w/ same molecular formula but dif structural formula

types of bond fission

homo/heterolytic fission

homolytic fission

-when covalent bonds break each of bonded atoms take one e from shaired pair of e

-each atoms has single unpaired e

radical

atom or grp of atoms with unpaired e

heterolytic fission

-when covalent bond breaks, one bonded atom takes both e from shared pair of e

-atom that takes becomes -ve ion

-other atom becomes +ve ion

types of reaction

addition

substitution

elimination

addition reaction

-2 reactants join together to form 1 product

substitution reaction

an atom or grp of atoms replaced by dif atom or grp of atoms

elimination reaction

-removal of a small molecule from a larger one

-one reactant forms 2 products