multistore model chapter 2

·       __Multistore or (modal) model__

·       Environmental input -> sensory registers (visual, auditory, haptic) -> short term store/temporary working memory (control processes: rehearsal, coding, decision, retrieval strategies) ->

Short term store

·                Capacity

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·                7+2 items depends on type, and size of item; numbers>letter>random shapes because of familiarity and meaningulness

·                Duration

·                20-30 seconds \*role of interference

·                Code

·                Auditory/acoustic

·       Short term store capacity:

o   Shows that the STS interacts with LTS (jones & Macken)

Reitman 1971

distractor tasks retroactively causes decline in memory

Keppel and Underwood proactive interference

o   3 v 18 second delay

o   Performance identical on first trial for 3 vs 18 second delay subjects

o   Significant forgetting across multiple trials for 18-second conditions

proactive interference

o   Early information interferes with encoding or retrieval of later information

o Earlier trials led to worse memory on subsequent trials

proactive interference

o   Early information interferes with encoding or retrieval of later information

o   Earlier trials led to worse memory on subsequent trials

retroactive interference

o   Later information interferes with encoding or retrieval of earlier information

§  The counting backward numbers interfered with memory for letter trigrams

long term store

·                 

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·                Long term store

·                Capacity

·                 Unlimited

·                Duration

·                 Potentially permanent

·                Code

·              =   semantic

control processes for encoding into LTM or keeping active in STM

o   rehearsal – verbal repetition

o   elaboration – constructing a story from a word list

o   organization

o   imagery

o   rehearsal strategies – remembering first letters of words

primacy effect

o   items at the beginning of the list best remembered (even long term) due to increased rehearsal

recency effect

items at the end of the list are best remembered due to the fact they are most recent. most susceptible to interference and to decay

problems with the multistore model

o   no real duration of the short term store per Reitman, Waugh and norman studies

o   are the stores really as separate as multistore model supposes? There is some neuropsychological evidence for distinction of STS and LTS, both structurally and temporally

o   what types of information can be held in the STS? Is it only auditory?

key components of working memory

o   Phonological loop

o   Visual-spatial sketchpad

§  Temporary storage and maintenance of visual-spatial material (pictures)

o   Central executive: supervisory system that:

§  Coordinates the operation of lower-level systems

·       Includes how to allocate attention

§  Can bind information from multiple sources (into a single episode)

o   Episodic buffer: coordinates honological, visual, spatial, long-term information etc into a single memory trace

o   Baddeley Thomson and bucanana

§  Illustrated the importance, and limited time duration, of the phonological loop in working memory

·       selective interference of the phonological loop and visuo spatial sketchpad

o   Baddeley, Thomson, and Buchanan found that auditory suppression (counting from 1 to 8 repeatedly) interfered with memory for visually-presented short & long words

·       Quinn & mcconnel (1996) gave subjects 24 high frequency, high imageability words to remember under

o   Rote rehearsal instructions

o   Visual mnemonic instructions

o   Two distraction conditions used

§  Visual noise

§  Line drawings

The visual nature of the interference conditions led to significantly worse performance in the visual mnemonic condition, du eto disruption of the visuo-spatial sketchpad

·       Brain systems in working memory

o   Anterior hippocampus active during delay of recognition match to a sample

partial report technique

cued recall after display as to which line they need to report (randomly selected on each trial)

make sure that the report technique is below the memory limitation

equivalency score (inferred number of items in the icon ,based on their partial report performance)

Partial report accuracy x number of total items in equivalency score. Eg if only able to report 50% of items 0.5x9=4.5 items

·       Neuropsychology of iconic memory

o   Found activity in the superior temporal sulcus of macaque monkeys in the gap between consecutively presented pictures

echoic memory

echoic memory lasted 2-4 seconds

iconic memory

1/3 second duration for iconic memory