APUSH Final 5-8 Chapters

Olive Branch Petition

The Last appeal to the King

was rejected and led to the declaration of war by the colonies against Britain.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that argued for American independence from Britain, spreading revolutionary ideas and encouraging colonists to support the cause.

Thomas Paine

was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, and revolutionary whose writings inspired the colonists to seek independence from Britain during the American Revolution.

Declaration of Independence

A historic document adopted on July 4, 1776, declaring the thirteen American colonies free and independent from British rule, outlining the principles of individual rights and government accountability.

Thomas Jefferson

An American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father who authored the Declaration of Independence and served as the third President of the United States.

American Advantages/Disadvantages

The strengths and weaknesses of the American forces during the Revolutionary War, including knowledge of the land and lack of resources.

Evacuation Day

A day commemorating the withdrawal of British troops from New York City on November 25, 1783, marking the end of British occupation during the Revolutionary War.

John Burgoyne

A British army officer known for his leading role in the Saratoga campaign during the American Revolutionary War.

Horatio Gates

A American General who played a key role during the Saratoga campaign and is credited with the victory at the Battle of Saratoga.

Saratoga

The turning point of the American Revolutionary War

_____ is where American forces led by Gates defeated British General Burgoyne, leading to French support for the colonists.

Lord Cornwallis

A British General who fought in the American Revolutionary War and is best known for his surrender at the Siege of Yorktown, which effectively ended the war.

Nathanael Greene

A major general in the Continental Army who successfully led American forces in the Southern campaign against the British

____ was known for his strategic retreat and guerrilla warfare tactics.

Yorktown

The final major battle of the American Revolutionary War, where General Cornwallis surrendered to American and French forces, marking a decisive victory for the Americans.

Count Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau

A French general who played a crucial role in the American Revolutionary War, leading troops alongside George Washington and contributing to the victory at the Siege of Yorktown.

Admiral Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse

A French naval officer who played a vital role in the American Revolutionary War by commanding the fleet that blockaded British forces at Yorktown.

Ordinance of 1784

A law proposed by Thomas Jefferson to create a system for surveying and settling lands in the Northwest Territory, which would eventually lead to statehood for these regions.

Ordinance of 1785

A law adopted by the Continental Congress that established a method for surveying and selling land in the Northwest Territory, which laid the foundation for future states in that region.

Northwest Ordinance

A 1787 law that established a framework for governing the Northwest Territory, providing abolishment of slavery and the process for admitting new states into the Union.

Daniel Shays

_____ demanded paper money, tax relief, a moratorium on debt relocation for the state capital, abolition of imprisonment of debt

Shaysites

Daniel Shays' supporters who participated in Shays' Rebellion, advocating for economic reforms and relief for struggling farmers in Massachusetts.

Shay’s Rebellion

A 1786-1787 uprising in Massachusetts led by Daniel Shays and others, protesting economic injustices and the lack of governmental support for struggling farmers.

Alexander Hamilton

Founding father and first Secretary of the Treasury, key author of the Federalist Papers.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, governing from 1781 to 1789, which created a weak central government and gave most powers to the states.

James Madison

A founding father and the fourth President of the United States, often called the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the document.

Constitutional Convention

A meeting held in 1787 in Philadelphia where delegates gathered to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and ultimately produced the U.S. Constitution.

Virginia Plan

A proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for a bicameral legislature, with representation based on state population, favoring larger states.

New Jersey Plan

A proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for a unicameral legislature, with equal representation for each state regardless of population, favoring smaller states.

Three-fifths compromise

Slaves count as three-fifths of a vote.

Separations of Powers

A model of governance that divides government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from having too much power, typically consisting of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Checks and Balances

A system that ensures no branch of government becomes too powerful by providing each branch with powers to limit the others, promoting accountability and preventing abuse of power.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution who advocated for a strong national government.

John Jay

A Founding Father and one of the authors of The Federalist Papers, John Jay served as the first Chief Justice of the United States and played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Paris.

Antifederalists

Wanted power to the people, didn’t want a strong central government and opposed the ratification of the Constitution, fearing it would threaten individual liberties and state sovereignty.

The Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles and essays written to promote the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, detailing arguments in favor of a strong federal government.

John Adams

Vice President of the Election of 1789

Judiciary Act of 1789

Provided supreme court with 6 members

had a chief justice and 5 associate justices

Federalist (Federalist Party)

Led by Hamilton, advocated for banks, loose constructionism, urban industrial focus

Republicans (Republican Party)

Led by Jefferson, States’ rights, strict constructionist, agrarian ideals

Funding at par

Apart of Hamilton’s Plan

Pay debts at face value to establish credit

creditors = wealthy elties sparking republican opposition Republican

Assume state debts

Federal government took over state debts to unify Natinal economy

compromise w southern states for DC capital

Excise tax

One example is the Tax on whiskey

led to Whiskey Rebellion

Bank of the U.S.

Very Controversial; Federalist argued ‘implied powers’ (elastic clause) republicans saw it unconstitutional

French Revolution (1789)

Divided U.S.

Feds: Opposed radicalism

Repubs: Supported French republicanism

America was Neutral due to the Neutrality act

Whiskey Rebellion

Western farmers protested Hamiltons excise tax

Washington responded with militia, and demonstrated federal power

Jay’s Treaty (1795)

Avoided war with Britain

Pinckney’s Treaty

Secured Mississippi River access and New Orleans from Spain

required Spanish to prevent natives in Florida from raiding borders

Prince Talleyrand

Foreign minister

Demanded a loan for France and bribe for french officials

XYZ Affair

French Agents negotiating

Asked for too much money from the U.S so they undeclared war after

Quasi War

Undeclared war between the French and US

came to a peaceful end via new commerical arragnements

Alien Act

Acts to suppress republican opposition

targeted immigrants often republican voters

blocked them

Sedition Act

targeted republicans

allowed gov to persecute people in criticism of government (violated the 1st amendment)

Virginia Resolutions and Kentucky resolutions

states can nullify federal laws

Jefferson/Madison

Judiciary Act of 1801

Reduced the number of supreme court justices by one

increased # of federal judges as a whole

Midnight appointments

Officeholders that stayed till midnight to finish signing new judges

Revolution of 1800

phrase Jefferson used to

Thomas Jefferson

Founded Virginia University to promote ideal of Republican hopes of a wide dispersion of advanced Knowledge

Deism

__ is the acceptance of God, but god withdrew from being involved with humans and their sins.

Judicial review

supreme court have the power to exercise of judicial review in 1796

Marbury v. Madison

Declared congressional acts unconstitutional

John Marshall

John Adam’s secretary

established himself as a dominant figure in court

established the judiciary as a branch of gov that’s coequal with the executive and legislature branch

Samuel Chase

delivered government hating speeches from the bench

impeached and sent to trial in 1805

proved impeachment isn’t a routine political weapon

Franco-American settlement of 1800

Ended the quasi war

paved way for the louisiana purchase

Louisiana/Louisiana Purchase

America buys the entire Louisiana territory on April 30th 1803

America paid 80 million francs (15 million dollars)

For France it was to fund their war.

Loose construction

argued the constitution gives the federal government too much power

General James Wilkinson

commissioner of the U.S

Essex Junto

extreme group of federalists

wanted a northern confederacy

Second Great Awakening

Peter Cartwright

Impressment

Act of forcing others into slavery

The Embargo of 1807

When U.S. stopped trading with both British and France

Non-intercourse Act

Opened up trade for both British and France after suffering a lot from The Embargo act.

Macon’s Bill No. 2

Allowed free trade with one of the two countries

Napoleon (FRANCE) traded first

William Henry Harrison

The congressional delegate largely responsible of the Harrison Land Law

Tecumseh

Enemy of William Henry Harrison

Tenskwatawa

Native American Prophet that helped create a religious frevor

Battle of Tippiecanoe

Harrison camps near Prophetstown with 1k soldiers, and provoked a battle

Ultimately Harrison burned the town down but without heavy losses.

Led Tecumseh to attack white settlements

Oliver Hazard Perry

Dispersed fleets at Put-in-Bay and took control of Lake Erie

Battle of Put-in-Bay

Was dispersed by Oliver Hazard Perry, allowed ways to invade Canada by water

Battle of Thames

The results of the battle weakened and disheartened the native Americans of the NW

Andrew Jackson

Tennessee Generals

many victories but known for strong defense in New Orleans

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Revenge of the white settlers

slaughtered women and children alike

broke resistance of the creek

Bladensburg

The poorly-trained militia was dispersed in this area.

Fort Mchenry

Stationed in Baltimore

The fort’s defenses sunk several ships, clogged entry into the harbor, and forced distanced bombing events

Francis Scott Key

D.C. lawyer/poet that released a prisoner and wrote the Star Spangled Banner

The Star-Spangled Banner

National anthem of the U.S.

Written by Francis Scott Key

Battle of New Orleans

Had diverse set of men including Army, NAvy, State militias, free black men, pirates, and french men

British launched an attack with heavy casualties and little loss for america

America won and Jackson became a hero

Hartford Convention

a gathering of New England Federalist delegates who protested the War of 1812 and sought to protect their interests. They drafted resolutions and proposed amendments to the Constitution, seeking to limit the power of the federal government and address their concerns about the war's impact on New England's economy

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812

Where Americans gave up Canada and british gave up native Americans in the north west

Rush-Bagot Agreement

a naval arms limitation treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom (representing Canada).

It demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, significantly reducing the naval forces on those waterways.

Tariff of 1816

Won a tariffs that limited competition from a broad range of items

Cotton cloth was the most important

Not beneficial for farmers

James Monroe

Apart of the Virginia Dynasty

Secured Secretary of State for James Madison

“Era of Good Feelings”

Was a era of optimism

Associated with President Monroe’s term.

Adam-Onis Treaty

Spain gives Florida to the U.S and gave up their claim of the territory north of the 42 parallel in the Pacific northwest

America gives up Texas in return

James Tallmadge/Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed a amendment to the missouri statehood bill that would prohibit the further introduction of enslaved people into missouri and provide for the gradual emancipation of those already there,

Gained control of new hampshire state gov, repbuclicans tried to revise darthmouth’s college charter (granted by king george III in 1769

Missouri Compromise

Addressed the issue of slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' parallel

Cohens v. Virginia

Affirmed the Supreme Court's power to review state court decisions, particularly in cases involving federal law or the Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland

Upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the U.S.

Worcester v. Georgia

Invalidated georgia laws that attempted to regulate access by US to Cherokee Country

Natives remained free from authority of State governments

Monroe Doctrine

Primarily the work of John Adams

staed American continents are not subjected to European powers

American System

Proposed cheating a great home market for factory and farmer producers by raising the protective tariffs

strengthened the national bank and financed internal improvements