Bio Ch.4 Energy of life
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46 Terms
what is potential energy
energy at rest (stored energy)
what is kinetic energy
energy in motion
in bio, where is energy stored?
in chemical bonds
what is a calorie
energy needed to raise 1g of wayer by 1 degree C (from 14.5 to 15.5)
what is a kilocalorie (Kcal)
1000 calories; same as a food Calorie (big C)
what does the 1st law of thermodynamics state
energy cannot be created nor destroyed
what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics
entropy always increases; energy conversions produce waste heat
what is an exergonic reaction
a reaction that releases energy (energy exits)
what is an endergonic reactio
a reaction that stores energy (energy enters)
why do living things need constant energy
to maintain homeostasis
what is earth’s main energy source
the sun
what is metabolism
all chemical reactions in a cell
how do metabolic reaction work
energy- releases reactions power energy- consuming reactions
what does “oxidation” mean
losing electrons or losing energy
what does “reduction” mean
gaining electrons or gaining energy
what is “redox”
shorthand for oxidation-reduction reactions
what is an electron transport chain
a series of molecules that pass electrons in an orderly sequence
what is ATP made of
adenosine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups
what doe ATP do?
transfers phosphate groups to power reactions
why is ATP like a battery
energy is stored in its phosphate bonds
ATP provides energy for how long?
seconds-to-seconds
what stores energy from minutes to hours
carbohydrates (like glycogen)
what stores energy from weeks to months
lipids (body fat)
what is activation energy
energy needed to start a reaction
how is energy stored
by forming chemical bonds
how is energy released
by breaking chemical bonds
what is a catalysts
something that lowers activation energy without being used up
what are biological catalysts
enzymes (proteins)
what is an enzyme’s active site
the location where the substrate fits and the reaction occurs
why are enzymes specific
substrates fit like a lock and key
what affects enzyme function
salt levels, pH, and temperature
what is anabolic metabolism
building molecules; storing energy
what is catabolic metabolism
breaking molecules; releasing energy
what is negative feedback
a system that maintains a set point (like a thermostat)
what is competitive inhabitation
a molecule competes for the active cite and blocks the enzyme
what is noncompetitive inhabitation
a molecule binds elsewhere and turns the enzyme “on/off”
what is selective permeability
the membrane allows some things to pass but not others
what molecules diffuse freely
O2, CO2, H2O (small, nonpolar/slightly polar)
what is passive transport
movement powered by concentration gradients; no energy needed
what is simple diffusion
movement from high to low concentrations without energy
what is osmosis
diffusion of water
what are isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
terms describing water movement based on solute concentration
what is facilitated diffusion
movement through protein channels or gates; no energy needed
ex: glucose
what is active transport
cell brings material inside using vesicles
what is phagocytosis
“cell eating”; used by white blood cells
what is exocytosis
cell release material outisde