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Encomienda System
A labor system where Spanish settlers forced indigenous tribes into servitude under the promise of protection and conversion to Christianity.
Encomenderos
Spanish landowners in charge of workers under the encomienda system.
Native American Servitude under Encomienda
Indigenous tribes were forced into servitude for Spanish settlers, primarily for labor in mining.
Religious beliefs forced on Native Americans
They were compelled to convert to Christianity.
Differences between Encomienda and Slavery
Encomienda promised protection and was not hereditary, unlike the lifelong and hereditary nature of African slavery.
End of the Encomienda System
The system ended in the early 18th century and was replaced by the repartimiento system, which still imposed forced labor but with low wages.
Causes of Anti-Immigrant Nativism in the 1840s-1850s
Increased immigration due to events like the Irish potato famine and economic hardships in Germany, leading to competition for jobs and a belief in racial superiority.
Know Nothing Party
A political group that aimed to rid the United States of Catholic immigrants, particularly those from Ireland.
Checks and Balances
A system established by the Constitution where the judicial, legislative, and executive branches can limit each other's powers.
Hartford Convention
A gathering that marked the decline of the Federalist Party, perceived as unpatriotic during the War of 1812.
Missouri Compromise
Legislation that addressed sectional tensions by establishing the 36th parallel to divide free and slave states.
Marbury v. Madison
A landmark case that established judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.
Impact of Corn Cultivation on Native Americans
Corn became a staple crop that supported larger populations and aided trade.
Indentured Labor System
A system where people worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage or land in America, leading to eventual land ownership.
Jacksonian Democracy
Expanded political participation for common white men, even those without property.
Plains Indians and Buffalo
Plains Indians relied on buffalo for food, shelter, and used all parts of the animal for survival.
Territorial Expansion and Slavery Debate
Increased tensions over whether new states would be free or slave, affecting the balance of power in Congress.
American Revolution's Influence on Other Independence Movements
Inspired revolutions in Haiti, Latin America, and France.
Articles of Confederation
Favored state power over federal power, leading to a weak central government unable to effectively govern.
Effects of the French and Indian War on Colonies
Britain's debt led to increased taxes on the colonies and opened western lands for settlement.
Puritan Church and State Relationship
Puritans sought a combined church and state, leading to the banishment of dissenters.
Rise of Industrialization and Immigration
Northern industrialization attracted European immigrants, leading to rapid urban growth.
U.S. Victory in the War of 1812
Solidified U.S. sovereignty over western lands.
Transportation Improvements and Market Economy
Canals, roads, and railroads fostered trade and created a strong interconnected economy.
Native Americans in Revolutionary War
Some tribes sided with the British, while others supported the Patriots.
Washington's Farewell Address
Warned against political parties and foreign alliances.
Cotton as U.S. Export by Mid-1800s
Became the most important agricultural export.
Founders of the Know-Nothing Party
Aimed to eliminate Catholic immigrants, especially the Irish.
Virginia Company's Land Grant System
Implemented the headright system, granting land to owners to encourage settlement in Virginia.
French Contribution to American Revolution
Provided crucial military support that aided in the American victory.
Shays' Rebellion
An event that highlighted the inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation and prompted calls for a stronger central government.
Native American Labor Force in New Spain
As Native Americans died from mistreatment, African slaves were increasingly used as a labor force.
Bacon's Rebellion
An armed uprising against colonial government, aimed at expelling Native Americans from Virginia.
Breadbasket of the Colonies
Refers to the Middle colonies, known for their rich farmland suitable for grain production.
Cult of Domesticity
Confined women to domestic roles, emphasizing home and child-rearing.
Bartolome de las Casas
Advocated for better treatment of Native Americans and criticized the encomienda system.
Trail of Tears
The forced relocation of the Cherokee and other tribes, primarily to open land for white settlers.
Effects of European Conquest on Native Americans
Led to death, loss of land and culture, and spread of disease.
Catalyst for Larger Middle Class
The industrial revolution significantly contributed to the rise of a middle class in the North.
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of goods, plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between the Old World and New World.
Manifest Destiny
The belief that white settlers were destined by God to expand westward.
Mercantilism
Economic policy where Britain aimed to gain wealth through controlled trade with its colonies.
Republican Motherhood
Encouraged women to impart American ideals to their children, shaping future citizens.
Virtual Representation
Britain's claim that Parliament represented American interests, opposed by colonists seeking direct representation.
Declaration of Sentiments
A declaration for women's rights inspired by the Declaration of Independence.
French and Dutch Colonization
Prioritized trade and alliances with Native Americans, unlike the Spanish and English.
Great Awakening in the 1740s
A religious revival that emphasized personal faith and challenged traditional church authority.
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin Impact
Increased the demand for slave labor due to boosted cotton production.
John Brown's Raid at Harper's Ferry
Heightened fears in the South regarding abolitionist actions and increased tensions between North and South.
Dred Scott Decision
Declared that black people were not citizens but property, and states could not outlaw slavery.
Lowell System
A labor model that employed young women in textile mills, providing housing and wages.
Monroe Doctrine
Declared that no European powers could colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere.
Compromise of 1850 Controversy
The Fugitive Slave Act angered Northern abolitionists who opposed assisting in the return of escaped slaves.
Northwest Ordinance
Provided a method for admitting new states to the Union and banned slavery in the northwest territories.
Popular Sovereignty Principle
Allowed settlers in new territories to decide on the legality of slavery, increasing sectional tensions.
Proclamation of 1763 Effects
Limited colonial expansion westward and fostered anger among colonists toward British rule.
Three-Fifths Compromise
Counted three-fifths of enslaved people for legislative representation to balance power between free and slave states.
Virginia's Profitable Crop
Tobacco became the most significant export for Virginia colonies.
Wilmot Proviso
Proposed to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico.
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
Argued for American independence and mobilized colonists towards revolution.
Economic Differences between Chesapeake and New England
Chesapeake's economy thrived on tobacco, while New England faced harsher climates limiting agricultural stability.
Encomienda vs. Slave Labor
Encomienda offered protection, whereas slave labor was purely exploitative and based on racial hierarchy.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin Effect
Exposed the cruelty of slavery, enhancing support for abolitionism.
Federalist Papers Purpose
To support the ratification of the Constitution and explain the necessity of a strong federal government.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Opposed federal laws deemed unconstitutional, asserting states' rights to nullification.
Differences in Colonization by European Powers
Spanish focused on conversion and control; English on profit through strict control; French and Dutch on trade.
American System Goals
To create home markets and promote U.S. manufacturing and agricultural development.
Cultural Disagreements Between Native Americans and Europeans
Clashing views on land ownership: Europeans favored individual ownership; Native Americans viewed land as communal.
Navigation Acts
Laws mandating that goods imported to the colonies must pass through Britain first.
Emancipation Proclamation Effects
Declared slaves in rebel states free, weakened the Confederacy, boosted Union forces, and shifted war goals toward ending slavery.
Confederacy's Initial Advantages
Knowledge of local terrain and civilian support enhanced their position at the war's outset.
Colony Protecting Catholic Rights
Maryland was established to protect the rights of Catholics.
First State to Secede from the Union
South Carolina was the first state to secede.
Kansas-Nebraska Act Opposition
Anti-slavery supporters opposed the Act due to fears of expanding slavery into new territories.
Founding of Jamestown
Jamestown was founded by the Virginia Company as the first permanent English settlement.
Anne Hutchinson's Banishment Reason
Banishment was due to her religious beliefs and holding mixed-gender Bible studies.
Jefferson's Motivation for Louisiana Purchase
Desire to expand territory and secure control of the port of New Orleans.
Boston Tea Party Purpose and Context
Protest against the Tea Act enacted by the British government.
Union Advantages in Civil War Victory
Superior railroad infrastructure facilitated troop and supply movement, aiding in their victory.
Battle of Antietam Significance
Marked a turning point in the Civil War and provided Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
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