2. The Cold War: FROM BEGINNING OF KOREAN WAR- TO END OF DETENTE

entered the north of the country and the US army entered from the south

after Korea was freed from Japanese control in 1945 what did soviet forces do?

agreed between North and South Korea along the 38th parallel and the country was effectively split into 2.

what division was agreed of Korea?

received aid and military support from its superpower ally, and both sides claimed to be the rightful rulers of the whole country.

what did both sides- north and south of kore receive?

communist.

trying to prevent the spread of communism in Europe and feared that if South Korea fell, there would be a domino effect and other countries would be communist as well.

what did Truman not want south korea to be?

1950 invaded the south

in 1950 what did North Korea forces do?

called a meeting of the security council of the UN and pressured the UN to condemn North Korea and tell them to withdraw.

in response of South Korea being invaded what did Truman do?

put an army of 16 member states to help South Korea.

When north korea refused to withdraw what did the UN do?

boycotting the UN at this meeting over whether china should be in the UN

what was the USSR doing to the UN at this meeting?

American general Douglas MacArthur

who was the commander of the UN forces?

Chinese entered the war and pushed the UN forces out of North Korea, killing many UN soldiers.

what happened to UN forces once they got very close to the Chinese border?

because he wanted to remove the communists from power in North Korea and even china.

Truman sacked him because he realised it was very risky as Chinese were very powerful.

Had to stick to containing communism.

why did Truman sack MacArthur?

many people were critical of Truman for not going to outright victory in Korea.

President Eisenhower elected

why was Truman elected to come out of power and who replaced him?

$67 billion for 2-3 years

how much did the war cost the USA?

September 1954:

USA

Britain

France

NZ

Australia

Phillipines

Thailand

Pakistan

SEATO- organisation designed to stop spread of communism in Southeast Asia

what was SEATO and which countries joined it and when was it formed?

red army grew from 2.8 million soldiers from 1950 to 5.6 million in 1955.

since USSR was worried by USA strengthening its armed forces what did USSR do?

Truman ordered for a far more powerful nuclear weapon to be developed-

H BOMB- hydrogen bomb

1000 more time powerful than atomic bomb:

November 1952

what weapon had been developed by the mid-1950s.

August 1953 made an H bomb

after USA made H bomb what did USSR do?

ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missiles)

could fire a nuclear warhead at a target more than 4500km away.

what weapons did both USA and USSR develop in 1957?

June 1957

when did the USA test it’s ICBM?

august 1957

when did USSR test it’s ICBM?

SPUTNIK:

* first satellite triggering the space race

In October 1957 what did the USSR launch?

mutually assured destruction

many politicians believed that a country could be prevented from using nuclear weapons if they recognised and feared that their enemy could and would respond with = devastating nuclear attack.

what was M.A.D known as?

Nikita Khrushchev

who replaced stalin the same year?

the only way to save money and to reduce the threat of nuclear weapons was to improve their relations.

what did both Eisenhower and krushcev realise about their money?

both leaders effort to improve superpower relations during the 1950s.

what was peaceful coexistence known as?

to remove Stalin’s legacy in the USSR and its sphere of influence.

what was Khrushchev’s new policy of de-stalinsation designed to do?

in order to limit the terms race and free up money to improve communist economies

why did Khrushchev believe improved relations were needed with the west?

accept the west and allowing them to exist peacefully without challenging them

what was the policy of ‘peaceful coexistence’ by Khrushchev designed to do?

he recognised how dangerous nuclear weapons were and was concerned about the cost of the arms race.

recognised the need to reduce tensions between usa and ussr

why did eisenhower want to improve relations?

1) Austrian state treaty:

Austria would be united as an independent country, after having been divided into 4 zones after WW2.

2) Geneva Summit (July) was the first time leader of the USA and USSR met to discuss key issues.

what 2 achievements were made in 1955?

willing to try their best to use discussions as a way to deal with their differences and to reduce the threat of nuclear war.

what was it now clear both leaders were willing to do?

Matyas Rakosi- a committed communist who strongly supported stalin

from 1947 who was hungary led by?

to keep control killing an estimate of 2,000 people in the purger and imprisoning 200,000 political opponents.wh

what did Rakosi used terror and brutality for?

all religious education was removed from schools and leaders of Hungary’s Catholic Church were arrested.

what happened to all religious education in Hungary?

comecon- being forced to only trade within the USSR’s sphere of influence. rarely received a fair price for its exports.

who controlled Hungary’s economy?

forced to invest heavily in industrialisation and the production of steel.

living standards quickly began to fall.

what was Hungary forced to invest in?

in July 1956

when did rakosi fall from power?

Khrushchev commitment to de-stalinisation inspired groups to protest about:

* their lack of political freedom
* economic problems in the country including fuel shortages and poor harvests.

what inspired groups in Hungary to rise up in protest from July 1956?

riots had broken out in Hungary

what happened by October 1956?

Imre Nagy

who was now appointed as the new prime minister of Hungary?

people that people living in a communist countries should have personal freedoms.

what did this new leader believe people in communist countries should have?

announced a series of democratic reforms for Hungary included:

freedom of speech, appointing non-communist politicians in the Hungarian government and ending total control communist party had over Hungary.

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what reforms did Nagy introduce in Hungary?

Nagy announced his decision to withdraw Hungary from the Warsaw pact.

what did Nagy do 3rd November 1956?

ordered a 1000 soviet tanks to restore order in Hungary.

therefore what did Khrushchev do on the 4th November 1956?

tried to put up a fight :

HUNGARIAN UPRISING

thousand of Hungarians were killed as the USSR tried to re-estabilish control over Hungary.

how did Nagy’s supporters respond?

removed from power and was replaced with Janos Radar- a pro soviet communist leader.

Nagy put on trial and executed two years later in 1958.

what happened to Imre Nagy?

thousand more Hungarians were imprisoned or executed 200,000 fled Hungary in exile

what happened to many Hungarians who participated in the uprising?

made krushchev influence over eastern Europe stronger.

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what impact did the Hungarian uprising have on krushchev?

reflected badly on the west.

expected support from USA and the West when USSR sent in their army.

what impact did the Hungarian uprising have on Nagy?

3 million

very easy to do this as there was freedom of movement across the city of berlinm

By 1958 how many Germans pass crossed the west?

many who were left were skilled workers and were well educated e.g engineers technicians and teacher.

they knew they would earn a higher wage in the west

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REFUGEE PROBLEM

many of those were left what happened to them?

for the whole of berlin to become part of communist east germany.

this would make it much harder for East Germans to get into the Federal Republic of germany.

ensure that east germany workforce continued to work for their economy

what did krushchev believe that that the refugee problem was for?

issued his ‘ultimatum’ to the west

what did krushchev announce on 27th November 1958?

that berlin should be demilitarised and western troops withdrawn.

berlin should become a free city with its own independent government.

the west had 6 months to agree to these demands.

what did krushchev ultimatum state?

he would threaten to hand over control to all the routes in berlin to the gov of the German democratic republic

what if the west refused Khrushchev ultimatum?

outraged by his demands and believed that he was just trying to spread communism in berlin.

how did the west respond to Khrushchev ultimatum?

2nd berlin crisis

did not want it to lead to a war.

a series of talks were held between 1959 and 1961 to solve it.

what was this known as?

* Geneva may 1959
* foreign ministers put forward proposals (ideas) for how berlin should be run, but no agreements
* Eisenhower invited krushchev to USA for further talks in order to find a solution to crisis

when was the first meeting and what happened in order to solve the 2nd berlin crisis?

* camp David sept 1959
* Eisenhower and krushchev met face to face in America.
* first time soviet leader had visited USA.
* no agreements made for future
* Khrushchev did agree to withdraw his berlin ultimatum
* the 2 leaders got along and planned for next talk

when was the second meeting and what happened in order to solve the 2nd berlin crisis?

* Paris May 1960


* 1st of may 1960: soviet shot down American u-2 spy plane as it flew over Soviet Union- pilot admitted it was a spying mission
* Eisenhower refused to apologies arguing that it was unavoidable
* kruschev walked out

when was the third meeting and what happened in order to solve the 2nd berlin crisis?

John F Kennedy?

who becomes the new president for America in 1961?

Vienna June 1961

* John F Kennedy
* Khrushchev thought he could take advantage and he renewed the berlin ultimatum
* Kennedy refused and increased US spending on armed forces by $2billion

when was the fourth meeting and what happened in order to solve the 2nd berlin crisis?

authorised the construction of berlin wall

border between east and West Berlin was closed off barbed wire entanglement was placed around west separating it from east.

165 km.

on 12th august 1961 what did krushchev do?

* 3.2 metres high and 1.2 metres wide making very difficult to climb
* families and friends divided with the building
* heavily guarded impossible to cross
* 130 people lost their lives trying to cross from east to west

what was the impact of the berlin wall for the German people?

* sucessfully ended refugee crisis
* damaged his reputation:
* - his ultimatum failed.
* damaging the image of communism,
* showed he literally had to lock people from living east germany

what was the impact of the berlin wall for the reputation of Khrushchev?

* caused tensions
* beneficial as they had both been disagreeing about germany since end of WW2.
* building wall was a permanent and peaceful solutions to problem and prevented another crisis, or nuclear war

what was the impact of the berlin wall for the relations between superpowers ?

boosted it as praised for standing to the ussr and preventing West Berlin from falling into communist.

visited West Berlin met with cheering crowds.

what was the impact of the berlin wall for the reputations of Kennedy?

Americans

who owned Cuba’s oil, electricity, phone networks and railways?

Fidel Castro.

In January 1959 who became the new leader of Cuba?

because he did not want Cuba’s economy and politics to be controlled by the USA.

why did Castro immediately begin to nationalise Cuba’s land and resources?

banned the important of cuban sugar to the USA.

how did Eisenhower respond to Castro’s decision as he does not want Cuba to be controlled by USA?

so he could have a new ally who was close to the USA.

why was Khrushchev happy to help Castro?

* bought cuban sugar provided with economic aid
* secret section promising that the USSR would provide military weapons to Cuba.

what were 2 examples of the USSR and Cuba were becoming closer?

because Castro started to appoint Communists to Cuba’s government and communism was spreading

why were these developments alarming for USA?

* ban all trade with cuba
* when John f Kennedy became president in 1961 broke off diplomatic relations between usa and Cuba.

what 2 examples show that the USA was now taking a firmer approach to Cuba?

1,400 cuban exile landed at the bay of pigs in Cuba with the support of America’s CIA.

operation complete failure.

on the 17th April 1961 what happened?

approve a CIA plan to train cuban exiles in preparation for an invasion of Cuba that would remove castro from power.

what was president Kennedy first official actions as president to do?

designed to make it look like cuban people were rising up against Castro.

make castro and communism look extremely unpopular

why were cuban exiles trained and sent to Cuba.?

* cuban exiles had little military experience
* the US did not use American soldiers of air attacks to support cuban exiles wanted to make it look like cuban people were attacking
* Castro government had found out about invasion plans. 20,000 soldiers waiting for exiles

why did the bay of pigs invasion fail?

* humiliating for the USA
* image of communism became stronger
* relationship between CUBA and the USSR became even stronger

what were 3 consequences of the Bay of pigs invasion?

* American U-2 Spy plane took pictures of what seemed to be launch pads for medium-range ballistic missiles in Cuba.


* major US cities were vulnerable to attack if a nuclear warhead was launched from Cuba
* American intelligence reported that soviet ships were on their way to Cuba carrying the missiles.

On 14th October 1962 what did the Americans do?

* elections were taking places to the US congress the next month
* if Khrushchev had missiles on Cuba, he would feel like he had an advantage in negotiations in berlin
* American people would see the nuclear missiles in Cuba as a big blow to the country’s pride and Kennedy’s position.

what other pressures were Kennedy facing?

executive committee

who did Kennedy call together to decide America’s plan on action?

not to attack but to blockade around Cuba

what did Kennedy decide to do on 22nd October 1962?

54 bombers

4 nuclear warheads

what did Kennedy do to protect American incase USSR ignored warhead?

soviet ships arrived turned around

what happened on 24th October 1962?

to remove missiles if they agreed never to invade Cuba

what did Khrushchev say in his first telegram sent to Kennedy?

demanded that the USA was to remove its missiles from turkey

what did Khrushchev say in the 2nd telegram?

1st one

which telegram did Kennedy agreed to?

remove their missiles in turkey

what did Kennedy do in secret in 28th October 1962?

* more communications between the leader of USSR and USA
* agreements to limit nuclear weapons
* change in the leader’s position and popularity

what were the three main consequences of the cuban missile crisis?

June 1963: direct communication line seep up in Washington and Moscow **HOT LINE**

leaders could talk directly

future incidents could be dealt more easily and promptly

what happen on more communication between the leaders of the USA and USSR?

august 1963: limited test ban treaty was signed between the USSR & USA, limiting the testing of weapons in space, underwater and atmosphere

1967: Outer Space treaty space could not be used for military purposes

1968: Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. countries could not share their nuclear technology with others.

NUCLEAR WAR AVOIDED

what happened on agreements to limit nuclear weapons?

* Kennedy seen as strong leader who had stood up to Khrushchev.
* Khrushchev guaranteed future security of cuba,
* military felt humiliated that they were forced to return back
* Kennedy popularity increased
* Khrushchev looked weak and humiliating defeat

what happened on changes to the popularity of Kennedy and Khrushchev?

because of humiliation after cuban missiles crisis

Leonid Brezhnev.

why was Khrushchev elected out of power and who replaced him?

faced challenges with their ‘sphere of influence’.

he was to willing to use brutal actions to ensure that the ussr had their ‘buffer zone’ of nations in eastern Europe

what challenges did Brezhnev faced?

the Czech oriole saw their rights of freedom taken away

what happened after Czechoslovakia fell to communism in 1948?

there was no freedom of speech

media was censored

secret police used to control population

many politicians, military leaders, catholics and jews were prosecuted

what were ways in which freedoms were limited in Czechoslovakia from 1948?

because huge sums of money on weapons,

shortages of goods

why were standards of living falling in Czechoslovakia?

protest demanding more freedom and rights

proved the unpopularity of Czechoslovakia’s communist gov

what did Czech students do in 1966?