Heredity and Reproduction Lecture Notes

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key terms and processes from Heredity and Reproduction lecture notes.

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific __.

trait

Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous __.

base

Human somatic cells are diploid, containing __ chromosomes.

46

Human gametes are haploid, containing __ chromosomes.

23

The process that produces two identical daughter cells is called __.

mitosis

The type of cell division that produces four non-identical gametes is __.

meiosis

In bacteria, asexual reproduction by splitting in two is called __.

binary fission

In fungi such as yeast, a new organism growing as an outgrowth from the parent is called __.

budding

Lightweight reproductive cells produced by fungi are called __.

spores

Body pieces developing into new individuals, as in planarians, is __.

fragmentation

The regrowth of a lost part into a whole organism, as in starfish arms, is __.

regeneration

Development of an unfertilised egg into an individual is called __.

parthenogenesis

New plants grown from stems, roots or leaves of a parent exemplify __ propagation.

vegetative

Internal fertilisation occurs __ the female's body.

inside

External fertilisation requires a __ environment to prevent gamete dehydration.

wet

The male reproductive part of a flower that produces pollen is the __.

anther

The sticky tip of the carpel that receives pollen is the __.

stigma

After fertilisation in angiosperms, the ovary develops into a __.

fruit

Mammals that lay eggs are called __.

monotremes

The hormone that maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy is __.

progesterone

The hormone detected by pregnancy tests is __.

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

The surge of __ triggers ovulation.

luteinising hormone (LH)

During labour, the hormone that stimulates uterine contractions is __.

oxytocin

DNA strands are held together by __ bonds between bases.

hydrogen

Complementary base pairing in DNA pairs adenine with __.

thymine

The enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA during replication is __.

helicase

Each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand; this is called __ replication.

semi-conservative

Crossing over of homologous chromosomes occurs during __ __ of meiosis.

prophase I

Random segregation of chromosomes during meiosis increases genetic __.

variation

Different forms of the same gene are called __.

alleles

An individual with two identical alleles for a gene is __.

homozygous

A point mutation that creates a premature stop codon is a __ mutation.

nonsense

Insertion or deletion mutations that shift the reading frame are called __ mutations.

frameshift

In codominance, both alleles are __ expressed in the phenotype.

fully

The Hardy-Weinberg equation states p + q = __.

1

Changes in allele frequency due to chance events are called genetic __.

drift

Movement of alleles between populations is known as gene __.

flow

Small, circular DNA molecules in bacteria that can carry antibiotic resistance are __.

plasmids

Proteins are polymers made of monomers called __ acids.

amino

Transcription occurs in the __ of eukaryotic cells.

nucleus

The three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid is a __.

codon

The molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome is __.

tRNA

Adding a methyl group to DNA generally __ gene expression.

silences (represses)

Loosely packed chromatin due to histone acetylation tends to __ transcription.

promote

Mendel's Law of __ states that alleles of different genes assort independently.

Independent Assortment

A pedigree symbolised by a filled square represents an __ male.

affected

In sex-linked recessive inheritance, males cannot be __; they are either affected or unaffected.

carriers

The process of making many copies of DNA in vitro is called __.

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

In gel electrophoresis, __ DNA fragments travel further through the gel.

smaller

DNA profiling commonly analyses highly variable regions called __.

short tandem repeats (STRs)

The equation p² + 2pq + q² = 1 describes __ frequencies in a population.

genotype

An allele that masks the effect of another is termed __.

dominant

A permanent change in DNA sequence is a __.

mutation

Short DNA primers attach to target sequences during the __ step of PCR.

annealing

During translation, peptide bonds are formed by the __.

ribosome

A zygote is formed when two __ fuse.

gametes

Chromosomes consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called __.

histones

The site in the female where fertilisation normally occurs is the __ tube.

fallopian

The structure that connects the embryo to the placenta is the __ cord.

umbilical

Scientists Watson and __ proposed the double helix model of DNA.

Crick

The sugar found in RNA is __.

ribose

During transcription, the base thymine is replaced by __ in RNA.

uracil

Cells produced by mitosis are genetically __ to the parent cell.

identical

Gametes produced by meiosis are genetically __ from each other.

different

The phase when the uterine lining is shed is called __.

menstruation

FSH stands for __ stimulating hormone.

follicle

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids forms points called __.

chiasmata

Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a single base __ mutation in the haemoglobin gene.

substitution

Hydrangea sepal colour varies with soil __.

pH

The bond linking two amino acids is a __ bond.

peptide