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ANATOMY

Study of the structure of the body and how body parts are arranged.

PHYSIOLOGY

Study of how the body and its parts function.

MUSCLE

Body tissue that contracts to produce movement.

LIGAMENT

Strong connective tissue that connects bone to bone and stabilizes joints.

TENDON

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

JOINT

Point where two or more bones meet.

SKELETAL MUSCLE

Voluntary muscle responsible for body movement.

CARDIORESPIRATORY

The heart, blood vessels, and lungs working together to deliver oxygen to the body.

HEART RATE

Number of heartbeats per minute. 60–100 beats per minute (bpm}

CORE BODY TEMPERATURE

Temperature of the body's internal environment.

VASODILATION

Widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood to flow.

VASOCONSTRICTION

Narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow to an area.

JOINT FLUID

Thickness of joint fluid; during warming, it becomes less viscous, allowing smoother movement.

BLOOD FLOW

Movement of blood through the body's blood vessels.

OXYGEN DELIVERY

Transport of oxygen from the lungs to working tissues, especially muscles.

MUSCLE FATIGUE

Reduced ability of a muscle to continue producing force after prolonged or intense activity.

WARM-UP

Low-to-moderate activity performed before exercise to prepare the body for movement

DYNAMIC STRETCHING

Controlled, active movements that take joints through their range of motion.

STATIC STRETCHING

Holding a muscle in a stretched position for a period of time.

COOL-DOWN

Gradual reduction of exercise intensity after physical activity.

DURING WARM-UP: HEART RATE

Increases gradually.

DURING WARM-UP: BLOOD VESSELS

Generally dilate, increasing blood flow to working muscles.

DURING WARM-UP: CORE TEMPERATURE

Increases gradually

DURING WARM-UP: JOINT FLUID

Becomes less viscous, helping joints move more smoothly.

DURING COOL-DOWN: HEART RATE

Gradually decreases instead of stopping suddenly.

DURING COOL-DOWN: BLOOD FLOW

Remains active while gradually returning toward normal.

BIOMECHANICS

Study of how forces and movement affect the human body.

FORCE

A push or pull that can change the movement of an object or body.

MOTION

Movement of the body or one of its parts.

BALANCE

Ability to maintain the body's center of gravity over its base of support.

STABILITY

Ability to maintain or control body position.

RANGE OF MOTION

Amount of movement possible at a joint.

CENTER OF GRAVITY

Point where the body's mass is considered to be concentrated.

BASE OF SUPPORT

Area beneath the body that supports its weight.

SAGITTAL PLANE

Divides the body into left and right portions.

MOVEMENTS IN SAGITTAL PLANE

Flexion and extension
EXAMPLES
→ Squat, bicep curl, walking forward.

FRONTAL PLANE

Divides the body into front and back portions.
→ Abduction and adduction

EXAMPLES
→ Jumping jacks, side leg raise.

TRANSVERSE PLANE

Rotation

EXAMPLES
→ Turning the head or rotating the torso.

SOFT-TISSUE INJURY

Damage to muscles, tendons, ligaments, skin, or other soft tissues.

ACUTE INJURY

Injury that happens suddenly, usually from a specific event.

CHRONIC INJURY

Injury or pain that develops gradually or persists over time, often from overuse.

OPEN INJURY

Injury where the skin is broken.

CLOSED INJURY

Injury where the skin remains intact. (Bruise)

SPRAIN

Injury to a ligament.

STRAIN

Injury to a muscle or tendon.

RICE PROTOCOL

R — REST
→ Stop or reduce activity to prevent further injury.

I — ICE
→ Apply cold to help reduce pain and swelling.

C — COMPRESSION
→ Apply an elastic bandage to help control swelling.

E — ELEVATION
→ Raise the injured area, ideally above heart level, to help reduce swelling.

CRYOTHERAPY

Use of cold to reduce pain and swelling.

VASOCONSTRICTION FROM COLD

Blood vessels narrow, helping reduce local blood flow and fluid accumulation.

DISTAL-TO-PROXIMAL WRAPPING

Wrapping from the area farther from the body toward the body, generally with appropriate even pressure.

FIRST AID

Immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person before professional medical help arrives.

DIRECT PRESSURE

Applying firm pressure directly to a bleeding wound to control bleeding.

STERILE DRESSING

Clean material placed over a wound to protect it from contamination.

ABRASION

Superficial injury caused by rubbing or scraping the skin.

LACERATION

A cut or tear in the skin.

FIRST-DEGREE

Affects the outer layer of skin; usually red and painful.

SECOND-DEGREE BURN

Affects deeper layers of skin and often causes blisters.

EPISTAXIS

Medical term for a nosebleed.

MUSCLE CRAMP

Sudden, involuntary, and painful contraction of a muscle.

DEHYDRATION

Excessive loss of body fluids

ELECTROLYTES

Minerals such as sodium and potassium that help regulate fluid balance, nerves, and muscle function.

SAFETY AUDIT

Systematic check of the activity area for possible hazards.

HEAT INDEX

Measurement that combines air temperature and humidity to indicate how hot it feels and the potential heat stress.

COLD STRESS

Physical stress caused by exposure to very cold conditions.

MUSCLE STRENGTH

Ability of a muscle or muscle group to produce force.

CARDIORESPIRATORY ENDURANCE

Ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen during prolonged activity

FATIGUE

Reduced physical or mental ability to perform effectively.