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What are the five core concepts of biology that relate to animal development and physiology?
Structure and function
Evolution
Systems
Information flow
Transformation of Energy and Matter
What is an animal? (components)
Multicelullar
Heterotrophic
Lack cell walls
Capable of movement at some stage of development
Possess regulatory genes called HOX genes
What does heterotrophic mean?
Obtain energy and nutrients from other organisms
What are HOX genes ?
Highly conserved regulatory genes that control the body plan and development of animals.
do sponges have HOX genes?
No, they have very similar genes instead
What are the functions animals need to carry out? (7)
Reproduction and development
Obtain matter and energy and transport it throughout the body
Gas exchange between internal and external environments
Protections from external environments, pathogens
Maintenance of water and solute concentrations in internal environment
Support and movement
Coordination of body functions
How is a structure related to function?
A structure’s physical and chemical characteristics influence its interactions with other structures, and therefore its function
Structure enables what?
function
What is a functional trade off?
When a specialization for one function limits a structure’s ability to perform another function.
It is impossible to optimize for all parameters.
What is an example of functional tradeoff?
Connective tissues: Cartilage provides flexibility but limits strength. bone provides strength but limits flexibility.
which of the following structures would function best in allowing molecules to move between two compartments and why?
B, because there is fewer membranes and less space to pass through
How is function related to structure?
Fitness
Biological structures interact to form?
complex systems
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are examples of what?
molecules
Molecules are organized into?
Organelles
Organelles make up what?
cells
Cells are organized into what?
tissues?
What are the four tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Tissues combine in different ways to form
organs O
Organs work together as
Organ systems
Organ systems carry out a larger function, and together they carry out all of the physiological function of?
the organism
What happens if there is a change in one component of a network?
It can affect many other components (the functioning of the organism)
What are emergent properties?
Properties each level of organization has that is not exhibited by lower levels
All cells must exchange material with what?
The external environment
Some animals are structurally simple enough that…
All cells are in direct contact with the external environment W
What is an example of an animal where all cells are in direct contact with the external environment?
Hydra: two layers of cells that are in direct contact with water, allowing for gas exchange and nutrient absorption.
More complicated bodies require organ systems that do what?
can exchange material with the external environment
Can transport material around the body
What are examples of organ systems that exchange with the external environment?
Digestive system
Excretory system
Respiratory system
Integumentary system (skin)
What is examples of organ systems that transport of material within the body?
Circulatory system
What is interstitial fluid?
The fluid that surrounds cells in tissues, providing a medium for exchange of materials between blood and cells.
Animals have systems that do what?
Perceive and respond to changes in their internal and external environment
All perception and response requires what?
Information flow (aka communication)
What is information flow in animal system?
Chemical and/or electrical signaling between cells coordinates responses at the cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels
What are the major systems that control responses to stimuli and coordinate body activities?
Endocrine and nervous system
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
Why is a stable environment important?
Cells have conditions under which they function optimally (within certain limits)
means that enzymes and membranes are sensitive to changes in their surroundings
Homeostasis relies on what?
Negative feedback?
What is negative feedback?
Control mechanism in which the response opposes the original stimulus
What would a positive feedback be?
Control mechanism in which the response reinforces the original stimulus, not frequent
What are some examples of positive feedback?
Giving birth and breastfeeding
It relies on negative feedback to maintain what?
A set point
What is essential to normal body functions?
Regulated changes in physiological parameter set points and their normal ranges
What are examples of normal body functions and their regulated changes?
Stage of life
Puberty
Cyclic
Menstrual cycles, circadian rhythm
Response to environmental change
Acclimatization
All physiological functions require what?
Energy
Where do animals get their energy?
Food:
How they obtain chemical energy (sugars, fats, proteins, energy stored within bonds)
How they obtain molecular building blocks (amino acids
Stored chemical energy from food is converted to what?
ATP:
Also stores energy within bonds
Is needed to carry out cellular work necessary for physiological activities
Natural selection favours the evolution of?
Efficient use of resources, within constraints
Organisms have limited… resources
energy and material
What do organisms require because of their energy and material resource limitation?
Efficient allocation across competing functional demands
What are resource trade offs?
The compromises organisms make in allocating limited resources to various functions, such as growth, reproduction, and survival.
What is an example of resource trade-off?
Reduced capacity for wound healing when producing eggs: reproductive function often takes precedence.
