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Histology
What is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues?
Primary Growth and Secondary Growth
What are the two stages of Plant Growth?
Primary Growth
What growth is from the apical meristem?
Root Apical
Where does root development begin?
Vertical Growth
What is the growth pattern of Primary Growth?
Root Apical and Shoot Apical
What are the two meristems responsible for Primary Growth?
Embryo
Where does Primary Growth start?
When all cells are differentiated/mature
When does Primary Growth stop?
Secondary Growth
What growth is from the lateral meristem (cambium)?
Width Growth
What is the growth pattern of Secondary Growth?
No (e.g. monocot)
Are all plants capable of Secondary Growth?
After Primary Growth
When does Secondary Growth start?
Death
When does Secondary Growth end?
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma
What are the Three Basic Plant Cell Types based on morphology?
uniformly thin primary cell wall, alive at functional maturity, color blue when stained
What are the basic characteristics of Parenchyma?
Storage and is the site of Photosynthesis
What are the general functions of Parenchyma?
Aerenchyma, Chlorenchyma, Storage parenchyma, and Secretory parenchyma
What are the specialized cells of Parenchyma?
gas exchange and buoyancy
What is Aerenchyma responsible for?
irregularly shaped cells that surrounds air space
What are the characteristics of Aerenchyma?
Canna sp. petiole x.s.
What are the Aerenchyma specimens observed? (good luck)
Photosynthesis
What is Chlorenchyma responsible for?
all cells w/ chloroplasts
What are the characteristics of Chlorenchyma?
Tradescantia sp. (guard cell), Hydrilla sp., Ixora sp. leaf x.s. (mesophyll layer)
What are the Chlorenchyma specimens observed? (good luck)
No, the area is palisade.
Does the epidermis of leaf have chloroplast? If no, what is it then?
storage of food materials
What is the Storage parenchyma responsible for?
It has a lot of leucoplasts
What are the characteristics of Storage parenchyma?
Ranunculus sp., Potato tuber
What are the Storage parenchyma specimens observed? (good luck)
Line canals and possess large vesicles that contain various substances; secretion of specific substances
What is the Secretory parenchyma responsible for?
They are colored cells.
What are the characteristics of the Secretory parenchyma?
Pinus (leaf/stem) sp.
What are the Secretory parenchyma specimens observed? (good luck)
resin duct/canal
What are the found lining structures in Secretory parenchyma called?
Glandular trichomes
Where can the Secretory parenchyma be found?
unevenly thick primary cell wall and alive at maturity
What are the basic characteristics of the Collenchyma?
Dieffenbachia sp.: angular
Coleus (collenchyma is distributed at the periphery of the petiole)
What are the Collenchyma specimens observed?
structural support and flexibility (plant is still young and growing so Collenchyma must be flexible)
What is the general function of the Collenchyma?
evenly thick cell wall and dead at maturity; plasmodesmata will be blocked by secondary cell wall → cell and protoplast dies
What are the basic characteristics of the Sclerenchyma?
structural support - rigidity and conduction of waters (lacuna will form a tube and lignin does not let water out of the xylem)
What is the general function of the Sclerenchyma?
Fibers, Sclereids, tracheary elements
What are the specific types of Sclerenchyma?
elongated and there for permanent structural support (less thickened compared to sclereids)
What are Sclerenchyma fibers?
short and rigid structural support due to thickened cell wall
What are Sclerenchyma sclereids?
conductors of water and minerals (vessel and tracheids)
What are Sclerenchyma tracheary elements?
Embryonic tissue regions that have cells that are actively dividing
What are Plant Meristems?
thin cell walls, small amount of endoplasmic reticulum, undifferentiated proplastids, dispersed small vacuoles, can be distinguished from the other mature cells by the presence of large nuclei
What are Meristem Cells?
Produces cells at the tips of the main and lateral shoots of the roots; small, isodiametric, thin-walled; nucleus is prominent and central but becomes peripheral as it matures
What are Apical Meristems?
Root cap (protects the RAM and perceives gravity)
What does the Root apical meristem (RAM) have?
root hairs
Where is the zone of maturation for the Root apical meristem (RAM)?
protoderm (outermost)
ground meristem (both sides)
procambium (center
What are the parts of the Root apical meristem (RAM)?
zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation/differentiation
What are the three zones of the Root apical meristem (RAM)?
leaf primordia and axillary buds/bud primordium
What does the Shoot apical meristem (SAM) have?
Monocot (corn)
If the SAM is enclosed, the leaf primordia are tightly packed, and there is a random arrangement of procambium, is the plant a monocot or dicot?
Dicot (coleus)
If the SAM is exposed, the leaf primordia are farther apart, and the procambium is arranged, is the plant a monocot or dicot?
responsible for secondary growth and adds cells inward or outward of the plant body
What are Lateral meristems?
Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium
What are the two cambiums in the Lateral Meristems?
divides cells, produces secondary xylem inwards (sclerenchyma - red stains), produces secondary phloem outwards
What is the function of Vascular Cambium?
thin, compact, flat cells in between 2 xylem and 2 phloem
What are the characteristics of Vascular Cambium?
produces cork parenchyma (phelloderm) inwards and cork (phellem) outwards; thin cells are cork cambium
What is the function of Cork Cambium (Phellogen)?
Mostly uniseriate
What is the Epidermis in Dermal Tissue?
a multiseriate and specialized multilayered epidermis that absorbs moisture and nutrients; protects against UV, abrasion, and pathogens; prevent water loss; has a role in gas exchange
What is the Velamen in the Epidermis?
Root hair, Trichomes, Stomatal Complexes
What are the Epidermal Outgrowths/Derivatives?
increased surface area for water absorption
What are the characteristics of the Root Hair in the Epidermal Outgrowths/Derivatives?
shoot; defense against herbivores and pathogens, prevents water loss and too much heat
What are Trichomes in the Epidermal Outgrowths/Derivatives?
simple hair and branching trichomes, stellate and scale trichomes, simple glandular trichomes, stinging glandular trichomes
What are the types of Trichomes?
leaf; gas exchange, transpiration, pavement cell - not part; outside accessory; clear
What are Stomatal Complexes?
stomatal pore: clear for light to pass through mesophyll
guard cells: has chlorophyll
subsidiary/accessory cells: clear
What are the parts of the Stomatal Complexes?
cortex - outside vascular tissues; in between exodermis and endodermis
pith - inside vascular tissues
What is the Ground Tissue?
Phloem and Xylem
What are Vascular Tissues?
forehead - phloem
eyes pababa - xylem
Which is the forehead and the eyes between phloem and xylem?
conducts photosynthetic food/products from leaves to the other parts of plant
What is the Phloem?
sieve elements and Parenchyma
What are the Cell Types of Phloem?
sieve tube member (angio), sieve cell, companion cell, albuminous cell
What are the different sieve elements?
stores photosynthetic products
What does Parenchyma do?
conducts water and nutrients from roots to the other parts of plant
What does the Xylem do?
tracheary elements, parenchyma, fiber
What are the cell types of Xylem?
tracheids (narrow) and vessels (wider)
What are tracheary elements of the cell types of xylem?
Less secondary cell wall: allows for elongation/growth
More secondary cell wall: structurally stronger
What are the secondary wall thickening patterns of the Xylem?
annular (ring-like), helical (paikot), scalariform (ladder-like), reticulate (net-like), simple pitted (white parts), bordered pitted (halo)
What are the types of wall thickening patterns of the Xylem?