SLP 520 Final

experimental study

involves manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment of participants to groups (e.g., treatment vs. control). It establishes cause-and-effect relationships.

non experimental study

Observes relationships or trends without manipulating variables. Examples include correlational studies, case studies, and descriptive research.

Ethnology

Studies cultures and communities in their natural environments, focusing on shared behaviors and norms.

Phenomenology

Explores individuals’ lived experiences to understand the essence of a phenomenon.

Conversation Analysis

Examines the structure and patterns of spoken interactions, including turn-taking and pauses.

Qualitative Research Includes

In-depth interviews, observations, focus groups, case studies, and narrative analysis. It emphasizes understanding complex phenomena through detailed descriptions and subjective perspectives.

What a Literature Review Should Consist Of

A synthesis of relevant research studies, identification of gaps in the literature, justification for the research question, and a clear summary of existing knowledge on the topic.

APA 7th Edition In-text Citations

Format: (Author, Year). For direct quotes, include the page number: (Author, Year, p. xx)

How Researchers Report Results in a Single Subject Design

Results are presented individually for each participant, often using visual data like graphs to show changes across baseline and intervention phases

Solomon Randomized Four-Group Design

A method to evaluate treatment effects while controlling for pretest effects. It includes four groups: two are pretested (one with treatment, one without), and two are not pretested (one with treatment, one without)

Factorial Design

Studies the effects of two or more independent variables simultaneously

Post-test Only Design

Measures outcomes after the intervention without a pretest

Switching Replications Design

Alternates which group receives the treatment at different times

Forms of Bias in Participant Sampling

Selection bias, self-selection bias, response bias, and attrition bias

Purposive Sampling

Selecting participants based on specific criteria

Systematic Sampling

Selecting every nth participant from a list

Cluster Sampling

Randomly selecting clusters (e.g., schools) and sampling everyone within those clusters

Visual Representation of Research Data

bar graphs, line graphs, scatter plots, histograms, pie charts

measures of variability

range, variance, standard deviation

central tendency

mean, median, mode

shapes of distribution

normal, skewed, bimodal

threats to internal validity

history, maturation, selection bias, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, attrition

nominal

categories without order (gender)

ordinal

ordered categories without equal intervals (rankings)

ratio

ordered data with equal intervals and a true zero (weight)

mean

average of scores

mode

most frequently occurring value

median

middle value when data are ordered

meta analysis results

provides an overall effect size by statistically combining results from multiple studies

Cause/Effect Relationship Without Control Group/Nonrandomized Participants

It’s difficult to infer causality due to potential confounding variables

true experimental design

includes random assignment, manipulation of the independent variable, and control of extraneous variables

APA 7th edition references

include author(s), publication year, title, source, and DOI/URL if available

term for the average of participant scores

the mean is commonly referred to as the average